词条 | Upper Fraser, British Columbia |
释义 |
|official_name = Upper Fraser, British Columbia |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Community |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Canada British Columbia | pushpin_label_position = none | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Upper Fraser in British Columbia |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Canada |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = British Columbia |subdivision_type2 = Land District |subdivision_name2 = Cariboo |subdivision_type3 = Regional District |subdivision_name3 = Fraser-Fort George |subdivision_type4 = Geographic Region |subdivision_name4 = Robson Valley |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|54|07|00|N|121|56|00|W|region:CA-BC|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = 250, 778 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} Upper Fraser is located between Aleza Lake and Hansard on the southwest side of the Fraser River in central British Columbia. The community of about 20 residents[2] comprises a post-office and several houses straddling Upper Fraser Road. Transportation{{main|Upper Fraser station}}Upper Fraser is a flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.[3] The immediate Via Rail stops are Aleza Lake to the west and McGregor to the southeast. HistoryRailwayUpper Fraser is situated at Mile 104.0, Fraser Subdivision.[4][5] Previously designated as Mile 194 and the Hudson Bay Spur during the line's construction, it was the closest railway point east of Willow River for accessing the Fraser. During 1914, Seebach (Seeback alternate spelling) and Huble (Hubble alternate spelling), and farmer[6] George McDowell, their agent, regularly advertised[7] their weekly passenger and freight motorboat service to Giscome Portage, which connected with the waterways to the Peace Country. Five years later, the opening of the Prince George-Summit Lake wagon road superseded this route.[8] The spur also provided the best link to the outside world for mining and hunting activities to its north and northwest that encompassed the river and its tributaries. Unlike the unsafe and difficult Giscome Rapids[9][10] downstream, calm waters prevailed upstream to the spur.[11][12] However, winter freezing, limited river use to summer months.[13] In May 1913 during construction, the Smith and Ramsay camp was just northwest at former Mile 195, and their engineer, F. Purvis, was just southeast at former Mile 193.[14] Not a planned station on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization), the way freight stop became a passenger train stop around the time of World War II.[15] During the 1945/46 winter, when a brush with a freight train broke a moose's leg, a rifle shot put the hobbling animal out of its misery.[16] Rather than plunging into the deep snow flanking the roadbed, moose often ran ahead of trains for miles, which delayed services and hindered section crews (track maintenance).[17] Vicious moose not only challenged trains, but also charged children on their way to school,[18] or adults walking along the tracks.[19] During the 1948/49 winter, a snowplow travelling at 25 mph scooped up a man lying on the tracks. The plow train's crew car carried the victim to Prince George, where a hospital examination found no injuries.[20] The station was a flag stop by the late 1950s,[21][22] a regular stop by the mid-1960s[23] and maintained that status into the late 1970s.[4] In 1965, a westbound freight train instantly killed George Whitford, 80 and deaf, who was sitting on the track at Upper Fraser.[24][25] The following year, a 160-foot washout west of Aleza Lake terminated a westbound passenger train at Upper Fraser. The mill cookhouse fed the passengers, who remained on board. Towed through heavy mud and deep holes by bulldozers near Giscome, three buses brought eastbound passengers from Prince George, and returned with the westbound ones.[26] In 1968, a railway accident cost H. Dyke two toes.[27] In 1978, Upper Fraser was one of the 11 communities between Prince Rupert and the Alberta border, where the CNR replaced its agent-operator position[28] with a resident serving as a CN Express agent.[29] ForestryThe narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles east of Prince George was known as the East Line.[30] It is believed a small mill existed at the spur site in 1928.[31] In 1935, Don McPhee and Roy Spurr, acquired and relocated the equipment from the bankrupt Longworth Lumber Co. The following year, pioneer lumberman George Stauble supervised the reconstruction. Incorporated as the Upper Fraser Spruce Mills,[32] the 40,000-foot-daily capacity modern mill[33] opened in 1939.[34] That year, the three mills controlled by the partnership produced almost 60 percent of the lumber in the Prince George district.[35] Cecil T. Clare came from Sinclair Mills in 1937 to manage the 100-man company. He was president of the Northern Interior Lumberman's Association (1945–48 and 1959–60). Moving to Vancouver in 1960, he was chair of Canadian Lumber Standards (1962–71).[36] From 1940, Clare largely replaced horses with vehicles for hauling logs from the bush.[37] His wife was active in the local Red Cross fundraising efforts.[38] The company logging Camp 13 temporarily closed for a week in 1942, while the crew went to fight a forest fire at Purden Lake.[39] During the 1942/43 winter, a falling tree fractured a logger's skull,[40] and a decking hoist employee at Camp 15 badly burned his face when a blow torch, thawing an engine, caused a gas tank explosion.[41] During the following winter, snow accumulation collapsed the roofs of a bunkhouse and barn at Camp 17. Eight escaped unhurt, one sustained concussion, and another suffered minor facial injuries, but a horse died.[42] When braces broke weeks later, the released large deck of logs fatally crushed a worker. A collection was received for his widow.[43] When a steam-powered sawmill carriage moved a log steadily through the saw blade, steel teeth held the log in place. The dogger, the person riding the carriage, operated the lever that allowed the teeth to grip or release the log. That summer, a sudden failure of the steam feed valve made the carriage uncontrollable, forcefully ejecting the dogger and fatally breaking his neck.[44] In 1945, a logger sustained extensive facial abrasions at Camp 17.[45] Two years later, an employee lost a leg in a mill accident.[46] Although the 1949 fire totally consumed the mill, the rebuilding program took only three months.[47] In 1950, falling branches or tree trunks killed two company loggers, prompting calls for better training.[48] Mile 98 (McGregor) was the next logging camp.[49] Roy Spurr died in 1954.[50] When the government introduced forest management licences that year, Upper Fraser Spruce Mills was among the first five approved in principle within the Prince George district,[51] and quickly granted.[52] Logging moved from the Bowron River to Mile 98.[53] In 1958, an employee sustained fatal spinal injuries after tumbling from a 12-foot-high lumber pile.[54] A year later, the company received one of the nine tree farm licences that followed from the 1956 Royal Commission Report.[55] In 1960, Don McPhee and Cecil T. Clare sold Upper Fraser Spruce Ltd. for almost a million dollars to National Forest Products Ltd. (NFP) (formerly Midway Terminals Ltd.). Already owning Sinclair Spruce Lumber Co. Ltd.,[56] NFP appointed E.R. McDonald as general manager for both companies.[57] Within a year, the Noranda Mines Ltd./Mead Corporation partnership established Northwood Pulp and Timber Ltd., which acquired the above operations.[58][59] The next year, John R. Blackstock became general manager.[60] A heavy plate falling from a crawler inflicted fatal head injuries upon a mechanic, who had recently transferred from Sinclair Mills.[61] A 1964 fire destroyed a diesel generating unit and part of the mill powerhouse.[62] Don McPhee died at 72 that year.[63] In the late 1960s, the mill underwent a major expansion.[64] After voting in favour of strike action,[65] the IWA strike at BC interior mills[66] ended the following month in the north,[67] but in the south lasted seven months.[68] The 480,000-foot capacity Upper Fraser operation provided woodchips to Northwood Pulp in Prince George as a by-product. The mill built and equipped a recreation centre, catering especially for the 100-130 single employees.[69] Another round of strike ballots began in October 1970,[70] which led to a wildcat strike,[71] before employees at Northwood sawmills at Eagle Lake and Upper Fraser, along with Its McGregor logging camp, ratified the proposed contract settlement.[72] A strike vote followed when the 1972 contract negotiations broke off.[73] An alleged unjustified disciplinary action by a supervisor, an open sewage system, and sham safety procedures, prompted an illegal walkout. Workers returned after a couple of days,[74] but walked out again within two days, when the company refused to promise that strikers would not receive disciplinary action.[75] An injunction forced employees back within two days.[76] In 1973, a freight car shortage increased finished lumber inventory. When exacerbated by a nationwide rail strike, all five northern BC sawmills operated by Northwood Pulp and Timber closed for a week.[77] A year later, weakened lumber markets resulted in massive layoffs at Northwood's Houston and Upper Fraser sawmills,[78] and reducing to single shifts from the fall.[79] The seven-week BC Rail strike, which ended in January 1975, hampered woodchip shipments to the Northwood pulp mills. However, it did not delay the Upper Fraser sawmill reopening after the Christmas/New Year break.[80] The pulpworker strike months later put many sawmill employees on indefinite layoff, owing to a lack of burning capacity or space to store the chips.[81] IWA members at Northwood sawmills, having accepted their latest contract, continued on the job despite the ongoing pulp mill strike.[82] In 1977, the IWA was pressing for one province-wide set of negotiations, while employers in the north, which included the Northwood sawmills, clung to separate talks.[83] The following year, owner-operators of logging trucks protested their compensation rates.[84] Greater than earlier upgrades,[85] the company installed a new double-cut bandsaw and lumber sorter in 1978[86] in a $6.4 million modernization to improve the mill's efficiency.[87] The following year, a mill employee died of asphyxiation after falling into a hog fuel intake bin.[88] Northwood sawmills at Prince George, Upper Fraser, Shelley and Houston supplied half the woodchip requirements for the Prince George pulp mill.[89] With weakening market demand during 1980, Northwood temporarily introduced a four-day workweek at all sawmills except Shelley.[90] The following year, lack of progress in contract talks led to illegal strikes, which included Upper Fraser.[91] The summer province-wide strike[92] lasted six weeks.[93] A month later, Northwood sawmills temporarily implemented four-day workweeks.[94] In early 1982, with the ongoing market slump, the Upper Fraser mill further reduced output from 80 percent to 60 percent by laying off indefinitely 117 out of 251 employees, and adopting a one-shift five-day workweek.[95] To reduce energy costs, the mill installed new burners that consumed wood shavings instead of natural gas or propane. The process heated oil for circulation to drying kilns and the mill itself.[96] The company consolidated all vacation time into a four-week period to shut down the mill for the summer.[97] The next summer, the mill returned to two shifts and the workforce totalled 1,000.[98] In 1985, a westbound bus carrying millworkers home collided with an eastbound car. The car driver died at the scene and some bus passengers suffered bruises.[99] Rolling strikes throughout the north during 1986,[100] which escalated into a four-month province-wide woodworkers strike, resulted in a moratorium on contracting out work normally performed by union members until a royal commission had studied the issue.[101] The following spring, mill employees and the Upper Fraser volunteer fire department tackled a huge fire in the log deck area. Their 1954 Thibault fire truck ran nonstop for 36 hours, assisted by the company's helicopter hauling water to drop on the burning logs and a fire bomber dropping retardant. After protecting the mill and the town since the 1970s, the department acquired a replacement fire truck. Northwood donated the Thibault to the Prince George Railway and Forestry Museum in 1999.[102] In 1988, an employee operating a bandsaw sustained fatal injuries when caught between lumber and a roller case.[103] Later that year, market conditions necessitated a two-week shutdown.[104] To secure log supplies months later, Northwood increased subcontractor payment rates to improve compensation for logging truck owner-operators.[105] In 1990 and 1993, disputes triggered brief walkouts.[106] The 1990 $16.5 million modernization, which closed the mill for several weeks, was far more extensive than the rebuilds in the 1950s, 1968, and 1978. New computerized equipment controlled thinner saw blades and edgers that maximized the amount of square lumber from each round log, but eliminated 10-15 jobs. An additional wood waste burner lowered emissions. Capacity increased to 960,000 board feet.[107] The next year, the second shift was dropped for four weeks.[108] A 1994 mill fire damaged wiring for the cut-off saws which turn log stems into desired lengths.[109] During 1995, a new edger-optimizer was installed,[110] and a single shift operated for eight weeks of the summer.[111] A 1997 fire, on a sub-zero January night, destroyed the primary breakdown area where the logs entered the mill. The volunteer fire department was able to save the other half, housing the head rig and high-tech equipment. The larger machinery, like cut-off saws, debarkers and canters sustained $20–30 million of damage. (The latter is a moving deck that cuts round logs into a square shape for processing as lumber, while the curved parts move on to become chips for a pulp mill). The planer mill continued processing existing inventory[112] and lumber trucked in from elsewhere, operating a single shift. After a period of uncertainty,[113] Northwood announced plans to rebuild.[114] This included a new $6 million merchandiser (a mechanized deck that fed and cut to length the arriving logs). The mill, which traditionally handled the larger logs,[115] became equally suited to handle the predominantly medium sizes available.[116] About eight months after the fire, the mill resumed production, reaching full operation a month later.[117] Weakening demand prompted a short shutdown a year later.[118] In 1999, Canfor purchased the Northwood operations, which included the Upper Fraser mill.[119] Securing a three-year pact with the IWA,[120] the company doubled shutdowns.[121] The $8.5-million insurance settlement for the 1997 fire helped Canfor's 2001 first quarter profit.[122] The mill permanently closed in 2003.[123][124] CommunityIn 1915, a homesteader at Mile 195 (later Mile 105) was presumed drowned after going missing.[125] During the mid-to-late 1940s, the location gradually became “Upper Fraser”[126] and the former name of “Mile 104” phased out.[127] From 1940, children attended school in Hansard, where they occasionally stayed overnight when the road was impassable.[128] Samuel Laird was the inaugural Upper Fraser postmaster (1942–44).[129][130] The musically gifted[131] William (Bill) & Jean Padlesky arrived in 1943, where Bill worked in the mill. Tired of walking three miles to the Hansard store for groceries and the mail, they opened the first general store in the community.[132] Although the mill was designated as the postmaster (1944–48), the post-office clearly was not open for all of this period. In 1948, Bill died at 35 of a heart attack.[133] Budgeted at $7,500,[134] the one-roomed school[135] opened for the 1948/49 year.[136] The community held dances and other fundraising socials in the building.[137] Gordon Gale opened a store, and wife Lillian was postmaster (1948–50; 1952–60), a role commonly performed by a storeowner in such towns. Harold Toplis took over in 1951,[138] and wife Eleanor (né Stewart, former Hansard teacher) was postmaster (1950–52). Organized religion during the 1950s was limited to occasional United Church baptisms,[139] and Catholic services on alternate Sundays at the school.[140] Disembarking Ole Hansen's boat prior to its capsizing, saved Mable and Gladys (the older Padlesky children) from a likely drowning.[141] Months later, when a fire raged through the Padlesky store and home, Mable was away at boarding school. Gladys (10) crawled out, mother Jean dragged Joyce (8) in a sheet, and holding Gloria (3), they exited to safety, but the blaze destroyed the building and all their possessions.[142] A differing account mentions a forest fire as the cause, and Joyce running back into the burning building before her mother rescued her.[143] Jean remarrying, the family moved to Prince George.[144] Joyce, still haunted by the fire, drowned at 12 in the Fraser River.[145] In 1953, a new hall opened.[146] When an 11-year-old boy went missing while chasing a cat, dragging the river and searching the adjacent woods failed to disclose any clues as to his whereabouts. About two weeks later, an employee found the body well downstream in the log boom at Shelley Sawmills.[147] Budgeted at $2,500 for the building and $500 for furnishings, a teacherage came in the mid-1950s.[148] Overcrowding at the school indicated a need for more teachers and classroom space.[149] During the early 1960s, the United Church held Sunday afternoon services, sometimes as frequently as every second week.[150] With the appointment of a lay minister at Giscome, oversight transferred from St. Andrews in Prince George.[151] During the mid-1960s, services were held on alternate Wednesday evenings.[152] The school board budgeted $33,000 for a building program.[153] For the 1964/65 year, pressing needs elsewhere, meant only two new portables were available, plus one from the Aleza Lake school. The mill operated the bus to transport students the six miles from that location.[154] By 1965, two surplus teacherages existed at Upper Fraser.[155] The Royal Produce supermarket opened in 1966.[156] Northwood approached the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George to examine a proposal for a town site. The preliminary 1972 study indicated few people were interested in owning houses in the area and preferred better roads for commuting.[157] Subsequently, the district used a $25,000 federal planning grant to investigate the feasibility of establishing a new community to replace the existing rundown mill town.[158] At the time, the population was about 600. That year, egg-sized hail punched holes through roofs and smashed windows.[159] Unmaintained since the sawmill closed, Sinclair Mills’ deteriorating wooden water pipes forced the temporary closure of that school. From the 1972/73 year, the 14 students were bussed 15 miles to Upper Fraser.[160] Assumedly the school reopened when the purchaser of Sinclair Mills restored the infrastructure.[161] The Mt. Tabor Pastoral Charge of the United Church held occasional services,[162] which developed into a regular Monday night Sunday school and study group from November 1970 to June 1971.[163] November 1971 to July 1972 offered only a Monday night Sunday school.[164] A Monday night Sunday school and service were held during September and October 1972,[165] which changed to a Sunday afternoon service and Monday night Sunday school for the period until June 1973,[166] except January to April, when both activities were held on Sunday.[167] The two-storey general store, with two gas pumps in front, was advertised for sale during 1973-75.[168] By the mid-1970s, the closure of post-offices in smaller communities between Prince George and Hansard, left only the ones at Willow River and Upper Fraser open.[169] A report suggested the half-filled dormitory building in Prince George, which housed mostly Upper Fraser students, be replaced by alternative accommodation and/or bussing.[170] Although parents initially favoured retaining the dormitory, opinion quickly shifted to the bussing option.[171] Remedial costs for the deteriorated 35-year-old former army barracks were prohibitive,[172] especially in the context of the occupancy rate.[173] At 50 miles (80 km.) each way,[174] the bus for Blackburn Junior Secondary operated from 1975.[175] David Bond was the Upper Fraser elementary school principal for two years from the 1975/76 school year.[176] Art Webb followed for 1977/78.[177] The 1978 capital budget was $1,600 for sites, $40,000 for buildings, and $7,500 for equipment.[178] When the Royal Produce chain encountered financial difficulties, closing most of the stores in 1980, this likely included the Upper Fraser one. There being no gymnasium for school or community use, School District 57 proposed two more classrooms, a library and a gymnasium be included in the 1980 capital budget,[179] which comprised $61,460 for sites, $718,500 for buildings, and $44,000 for equipment.[180] That year, a surplus teacherage was tendered for sale.[181] Lorne Brown became principal for the 1981/82 school year.[182] The classroom/library construction commenced in 1982,[183] with a time capsule buried in the foundations.[184] The regional district covering half the almost $500,000 gymnasium cost,[185] the expanded facilities were ready the next year.[186] The two surplus portables were sold.[187] Paul Misiura, son of John Misiura of Hansard,[188] ran a general store by the early 1980s.[189] The original general store, which Dave Lee managed as late as October 1980,[190] appears to have ceased operating, because the premises were available for rental two and a half years later.[191] Having only seven pupils, Sinclair Mills elementary closed permanently and the students assimilated into the 138-member Upper Fraser elementary for the 1983/84 school year.[192] With highway paving complete, Northwood bussed employees to and from the sawmill and the population of Upper Fraser began declining from about 500.[193] Barbara Osten became principal for the 1984/85 school year.[194] By this time, bussing for higher grades was to Duchess Park Secondary School.[195] In 1986, an earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale (centred 25 kilometres north of Upper Fraser) shook most of the stock from the grocery store shelves and caused a minor electrical fire at the school.[196] During the 1985/86 year, 28 students bussed from Aleza Lake and Sinclair Mills to Upper Fraser, but the service ceased the next year owing to insufficient numbers.[197] Regional district and parental lobbying for the 12 students affected proved unfruitful.[198] Operating at 46 percent student capacity,[199] Upper Fraser's four smaller-sized class sizes rendered significantly increased costs per student.[200] With 48 enrolments and about 300 residents, further declines were anticipated, and the ongoing costs for the gymnasium became an increasing burden. Parents were concerned about the impact a closure would have on the community.[201] Brian Pepper succeeded Barbara Osten as principal for the 1989/90 school year.[202] Beginning that winter, the school bus services from Aleza Lake and Sinclair Mills were reinstated temporarily.[203] Norma and Hans Hiltergerke, then Katherine Cuthbert, operated a summertime mobile concession stand during the early 1990s.[204] The population was 248 at the time.[205] Kerry Bergeron was the principal for two years from the 1991/92 school year.[206] Dan Dones was principal by 1995,[207] and Mike Moore by 1997,[208] serving as principal/teacher.[209] The Misiuras, who owned the general store,[210] sold the busy store-café enterprise to Larry & Susan Faulkner in 1996. A Girl Guide company operated around this time.[211] Following escalating rumours,[212] the school closed, with bussing to Giscome Elementary from the 1998/99 year for grades 6 and 7. The remaining grades joined them in January,[213] after the demolition of an aging teacherage and laundry building.[214] In 1999, having given 12 months’ notice to tenants of the 24 occupied houses, Northwood closed the 30-house townsite, leaving a community of 15-20 privately owned homes, including a store. The three times daily free bus service from Prince George continued to serve mill employees.[215] The school board budgeted $45,645 for the removal and disposal of the school buildings and gym.[216] Although only three students travelled from Sinclair Mills by 2010, parents successfully appealed a proposal to eliminate this section from the Giscome school bus service,[217] and the route remained.[218] In 2015, Canada Post mandated reduced hours at rural post-offices, such as Upper Fraser.[219] The modest general store/post-office property, which was subject to a foreclosure sale in 2017,[220][221] continued to operate.[222] Law EnforcementDuring 1947, Ewald Edward Koch, an assistant in the post-office, stole C.O.D. remittances and cheques from registered mail.[223] Found guilty of theft, he received one year hard labour.[224] In 1949, Gordon Lilgedahl, who stole personal possessions from the mill bunkhouse, was apprehended on the train at McBride.[225] The same year, resident Harold Kidd, alias Thomas Kidd, received three months hard labour for cashing worthless cheques.[226] A repeat performance a decade later,[227] defamed an individual sharing the same name.[228] In 1961, Charles Hamilton Rombough (1913–76)[229] beat and kicked Hazel Cousins, his common-law wife, and put her outside the house when she was inadequately dressed for the extreme cold. Found guilty of manslaughter,[230] he received an eight-year sentence.[231] During 1964, Charles Thomas was fined $200 for a brutal unprovoked attack on a man at a community dance.[232] The following year, Francis Lightening and two juvenile accomplices entered the mill bunkhouse at 2:00 a.m. and beat up two Hungarian immigrants.[233] Of Francis’ two brothers,[234] James died at 21 in 1967,[235] and Robert died at 23 in 1974. During the 1970s, Richard Solloway, 28, who robbed and beat a man near Upper Fraser, was arrested when he reported to his parole officer. Found guilty with accomplice Leslie Tresierra, 22, Solloway received a two-year sentence and Tresierra two years less a day.[236] Although sexual assault charges were unproven against Stanley George Biggs, an Upper Fraser welder,[237] intimidation[238] and subsequent violent crime suggested a pattern.[239] During the 1980s, Robin Ernest Schwartz, 30, received a one-year sentence for using false identification to cash three income assistance cheques and being in possession of a further 395 cheques stolen from a Ministry of Human Resources office in June 1984.[240] He died at 34.[241] Although an attempted murder charge against Darrell Wayne Flewin was subsequently reduced to assault, a judge dismissed all charges, because police refused to come and intervene after his victim had physically attacked him.[242] During the 1990s, payroll cheques were stolen from the planer mill.[243] Previous vandalism[244] prompted a police response when the school alarm was set off. The culprit, a bear, which had broken a window, escaped after receiving a warning.[245] Electricity, Broadcast Transmissions & Communications DevicesDuring 1964, BC Hydro cleared a right-of-way and constructed high-voltage pylons from Willow River, 32 miles north to Summit Lake, and 20 miles east to Upper Fraser. The voltage increased to 138,000 on the existing Prince George-Willow River lines, reduced to 60,000 at the Willow River substation, and further reduced to 25,000 at the Upper Fraser substation, before distribution east to Sinclair Mills and west to Newlands. The network primarily served sawmills and other industries, which had formerly generated their own power.[246] In 1970, the whole line was converted to 138,000 volts.[247] In 1974, an automatic telephone exchange replaced hand cranking and party lines.[248] After a 1981 referendum, telephone subscribers from Salmon Valley to Hansard opted for a fixed monthly charge for toll-free calling to Prince George.[249] The CRTC approved cable television for the community in 1992,[250] issuing a renewal in 1995.[251] During the 2010s, fibre optics and satellite introduced high-speed internet connections to the area.[252] Road TransportThe respective Hansard section covers roadbuilding, the relief camp, road transport and bus services. Footnotes1. ^ 2. ^Olson, Raymond W. (2014). Ghost Towns on the East Line. Self-published, p. 59 3. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.viarail.ca/en/stations/rockies-and-pacific/upper-frazer| title=Upper Fraser flag stop| website=VIA Rail}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|title=CN Timetable: Nov 20, 1977|url=http://www.cwrailway.ca/cnrha.ca/Timetables/Mountain%20Region/BC%20North%20Division/Fraser.pdf}} 5. ^https://www.viarail.ca/sites/all/files/media/pdfs/route_guides/Route_Guide_Jasper_Prince_Rupert_EN.pdf 6. ^Fort George Herald, 9 Jan 1915 7. ^Fort George Herald: 13 Jun 1914 to 26 Sep 1914 8. ^Prince George Citizen: 8 Oct 1919 & 7 Jul 1922 9. ^https://search.nbca.unbc.ca/index.php/dangerous-point-at-giscome-rapids 10. ^https://mapcarta.com/24268714 11. ^Prince George Leader, 24 Jun 1921 12. ^Prince George Citizen, 13 Sep 1921 13. ^Prince George Citizen: 20 Feb 1920 & 15 Nov 23 14. ^Fort George Herald: 9 Nov 1912 & 17 May 1913 15. ^http://www.railwaystationlists.co.uk/pdfcanada/britishcolumbiarlys.pdf#page=8 16. ^Prince George Citizen, 31 Jan 1946 17. ^Prince George Citizen, 21 Feb 1946 18. ^Prince George Citizen, 1 Aug 1946 19. ^Prince George Citizen, 17 Aug 1985 20. ^Prince George Citizen, 23 Dec 1948 21. ^https://www.traingeek.ca/timetableshow.php?id=cn_19571027&pagenum=53&nosmall=0&showlarge=1 22. ^http://streamlinermemories.info/CAN/CN61TT.pdf#page=41 23. ^http://www.traingeek.ca/timetableshow.php?id=cn_19661030&pagenum=40&nosmall=0&showlarge=1 24. ^Prince George Citizen, 25 Jun 1965 25. ^http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=1698249&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=811448,810615,1531205,2528041,699543,713487,1698249,1698885,3674003,1882795 26. ^Prince George Citizen, 29 Mar 1966 27. ^http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php?fuseaction=genitem.displayItem&rec_nbr=1698885&lang=eng&rec_nbr_list=811448,810615,1531205,2528041,699543,713487,1698249,1698885,3674003,1882795 28. ^Prince George Citizen, 2 Aug 1978 29. ^Prince George Citizen, 3 Oct 1978 30. ^summit.sfu reference, p. 14 31. ^Prince George Citizen, 29 Jan 1997 32. ^Prince George Citizen: 5 Mar 1936 & 14 Dec 1971 33. ^Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1937 34. ^Prince George Citizen: 27 Apr 1939, 4 May 1939 & 19 Oct 1939 35. ^summit.sfu reference, p. 99 36. ^Prince George Citizen: 26 Apr 1945, 23 May 1963 & 27 Jun 1985 37. ^Prince George Citizen: 9 May 1940 & 8 Aug 1958 38. ^Prince George Citizen: 3 Oct 1940 & 19 Apr 1951 39. ^Prince George Citizen: 13 & 20 Aug 1942 40. ^Prince George Citizen, 10 Dec 1942 41. ^Prince George Citizen, 18 Mar 1943 42. ^Prince George Citizen, 20 Jan 1944 43. ^Prince George Citizen: 3 & 10 Feb 1944 44. ^Prince George Citizen, 22 Jun 1944 45. ^Prince George Citizen, 22 Mar 1945 46. ^Prince George Citizen, 10 Jul 1947 47. ^Prince George Citizen, 8 Sep 1949 48. ^Prince George Citizen: 23 Feb 1950; & 23, 27 & 30 Nov 1950 49. ^Prince George Citizen: 9 & 23 Aug 1951 50. ^Prince George Citizen, 16 Aug 1954 51. ^Prince George Citizen, 9 Aug 1954 52. ^Prince George Citizen, 3 Feb 1955 53. ^Prince George Citizen, 9 Sep 1954 54. ^Prince George Citizen: 28 Feb 1958; & 3 & 11 Mar 1958 55. ^Prince George Citizen, 3 Mar 1960 56. ^Prince George Citizen, 18 Jul 1960 57. ^Prince George Citizen, 12 Aug 1960 58. ^Prince George Citizen: 30 Mar 1961 & 24 Apr 1961 59. ^https://www.memorybc.ca/northwood-pulp-and-timber-ltd-fonds 60. ^Prince George Citizen, 23 May 1962 61. ^Prince George Citizen, 1 May 1962 62. ^Prince George Citizen, 7 Feb 1964 63. ^Prince George Citizen, 6 Mar 1964 64. ^Prince George Citizen: 22 Jul 1966 & 21 Sep 1966 65. ^Prince George Citizen, 25 Sep 1967 66. ^Prince George Citizen, 5 Oct 1967 67. ^Prince George Citizen, 22 Nov 1967 68. ^Prince George Citizen, 13 May 1968 69. ^Prince George Citizen: 19 Jan 1968 & 9 May 1969 70. ^Prince George Citizen, 6 Oct 1970 71. ^Prince George Citizen, 30 Oct 1970 72. ^Prince George Citizen, 20 Nov 1970 73. ^Prince George Citizen: 19 & 28 Jul 1972 74. ^Prince George Citizen: 11 & 12 Sep 1972 75. ^Prince George Citizen, 13 Sep 1972 76. ^Prince George Citizen: 18 & 21 Sep 1972 77. ^Prince George Citizen: 31 Aug 1973 & 4 Sep 1973 78. ^Prince George Citizen, 29 Aug 1974 79. ^Prince George Citizen, 19 Feb 1975 80. ^Prince George Citizen, 2 Jan 1975 81. ^Prince George Citizen, 24 Jul 1975 82. ^Prince George Citizen: 10 & 18 Sep 1975 83. ^Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1977 84. ^Prince George Citizen, 31 Jul 1978 85. ^Prince George Citizen, 10 Aug 1973 86. ^Prince George Citizen, 5 Dec 1990 87. ^Prince George Citizen, 3 May 1978 88. ^Prince George Citizen: 15 Jan 1979 & 12 Apr 1979 89. ^Prince George Citizen, 28 Mar 1980 90. ^Prince George Citizen, 18 Apr 1980 91. ^Prince George Citizen: 8, 9, 10, 13 & 14 Jul 1981 92. ^Prince George Citizen, 5 Aug 1981 93. ^Prince George Citizen, 29 Aug 1981 94. ^Prince George Citizen, 30 Sep 1981 95. ^Prince George Citizen: 17 Feb 1982, 18 Jun 1982 & 30 Aug 1982 96. ^Prince George Citizen, 26 Mar 1982 97. ^Prince George Citizen, 17 May 1982 98. ^Prince George Citizen, 3 Aug 1983 99. ^Prince George Citizen, 7 Nov 1985 100. ^Prince George Citizen, 30 Jul 1986 101. ^Prince George Citizen: 6 Aug 1986, 28 Oct 1986, 28 Nov 1986 & 8 Dec 1986 102. ^Prince George Citizen: 19 Jun 1985, 22 Apr 1987, 20 Aug 1999 & 23 Sep 1999 103. ^Prince George Citizen, 1 Jun 1988 104. ^Prince George Citizen, 5 Oct 1988 105. ^Prince George Citizen, 17 Jan 1989 106. ^Prince George Citizen: 11 & 12 Apr 1990; & 24 Nov 1993 107. ^Prince George Citizen: 7 May 1990, 16 Aug 1990, 17 Nov 1990 & 5 Dec 1990 108. ^Prince George Citizen: 14 Mar 1991 & 2 Apr 1991 109. ^Prince George Citizen, 19 Nov 1994 110. ^Prince George Citizen, 23 Mar 1995 111. ^Prince George Citizen, 27 Jun 1995 112. ^Prince George Citizen, 30 Jan 1997 113. ^Prince George Citizen: 11, 25 & 28 Feb 1997; & 7 Mar 1997 114. ^Prince George Citizen, 15 Apr 1997 115. ^Prince George Citizen, 19 Jul 1997 116. ^Prince George Citizen, 31 May 1997 117. ^Prince George Citizen: 10 Oct 1997 & 4 May 1998 118. ^Prince George Citizen: 28 May 1998 & 5 Oct 1998 119. ^Prince George Citizen: 22 & 30 Sep 1999; & 6 Oct 2012 120. ^Prince George Citizen, 5 Jul 2000 121. ^Prince George Citizen: 28 Jul 2000 & 20 Sep 2000 122. ^Prince George Citizen, 21 Apr 2001 123. ^Prince George Citizen, 1 Sep 2016 124. ^https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/canfor-slashes-jobs-shuts-mills/article20447683/ 125. ^Prince George Post, 10 Apr 1915 126. ^Prince George Citizen: 8 Apr 1943; 20 May 1943; 15 Jul 1943; 28 Oct 1943; 15 Jun 1944; 7 Dec 1944; 12 Apr 1945; 29 Nov 1945; 6 & 20 Dec 1945; 10 & 31 Jan 1946; & 21 Feb 1946 127. ^Prince George Citizen: 4 Oct 1945; 1 Nov 1945; 7 Feb 1946; 21 & 28 Mar 1946; 6 Jun 1946 & 3 Nov 1949 128. ^Prince George Citizen, 8 Nov 1945 129. ^Prince George Citizen, 6 Aug 1942 130. ^{{cite web|title=Postmasters|url= https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/postal-heritage-philately/post-offices-postmasters/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=28852&}} 131. ^Prince George Citizen: 25 May 1944 & 20 Dec 1945 132. ^Prince George Citizen: 15 Aug 1946 & 17 Aug 1985 133. ^Prince George Citizen, 21 Oct 1948 134. ^Prince George Citizen, 4 Sep 1947 135. ^Prince George Citizen, 6 May 1948 136. ^Prince George Citizen, 26 Oct 1948 137. ^Prince George Citizen: 1 Sep 1949, 10 Nov 1949 & 25 Jan 1951 138. ^Prince George Citizen: 11 Jan 1951 & 19 Jul 1951 139. ^Prince George Citizen, 9 Apr 1951 140. ^Prince George Citizen, 19 Jul 1951 141. ^Prince George Citizen, 28 May 1951 142. ^Prince George Citizen, 15 Oct 1951 143. ^Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1977 144. ^Prince George Citizen, 28 Feb 1952 145. ^Prince George Citizen: 1 Aug 1955 & 17 Aug 1985 146. ^Prince George Citizen, 8 Oct 1953 147. ^Prince George Citizen: 24 Aug 1953 & 8 Sep 1953 148. ^Prince George Citizen, 29 Apr 1954 149. ^Prince George Citizen, 22 Aug 1957 150. ^Prince George Citizen: 15 Jan 1960; 19 Feb 1960; 4 & 18 Mar 1960; 1 Apr 1960; 13 & 20 May 1960; 3 & 17 Jun 1960; 18 Nov 1960; 13 Jan 1961; 17 Feb 1961; 3 & 30 Mar 1961; 19 & 26 May 1961; 2 Jun 1961; 15 & 29 Sep 1961; 13 Oct 1961; 3 Nov 1961; 8 & 15 Dec 1961; 5 & 19 Jan 1962; 16 Feb 1962; 16 Mar 1962; 13 Apr 1962; 4 May 1962; & 8 & 15 Jun 1962 151. ^Prince George Citizen, 7 Aug 1962 152. ^Prince George Citizen: 17, 24 & 31 Dec 1965; 7, 14, 21 & 28 Jan 1966; 4, 11 , 18 & 25 Feb 1966; 4, 11, 18 & 25 Mar 1966; 1, 7, 15 & 22 Apr 1966; & 6, 13, 20 & 27 May 1966 153. ^Prince George Citizen: 13 May 1964, 7 Oct 1964 & 26 Nov 1964 154. ^Prince George Citizen: 26 May 1964, 14 & 28 Jul 1964, 11 Aug 1964 & 4 Sep 1964 155. ^Prince George Citizen, 28 Jul 1965 156. ^Prince George Citizen, 16 Aug 1966 157. ^Prince George Citizen, 9 Jun 1972 158. ^Prince George Citizen, 20 Oct 1972 159. ^Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1972 160. ^Prince George Citizen: 30 Aug 1972 & 19 Sep 1973 161. ^Prince George Citizen, 3 Sep 1976 162. ^Prince George Citizen: 9 May 1969 & 9 Oct 1970 163. ^Prince George Citizen: 20 Nov 1970 to 25 Jun 1971 164. ^Prince George Citizen: 5 Nov 1971 to 14 Jul 1972 165. ^Prince George Citizen: 8 Sep 1972 to 20 Oct 1972 166. ^Prince George Citizen: 27 Oct 1972 to 15 Dec 1972; & 4 May 1973 to 22 Jun 1973 167. ^Prince George Citizen: 12 Jan 1973 to 13 Apr 1973 168. ^Prince George Citizen: 22 Feb 1973 to 14 Mar 1973; & 6 Sep 1974 to 10 Oct 1975 169. ^Prince George Citizen, 31 Dec1975 170. ^Prince George Citizen, 24 Apr 1974 171. ^Prince George Citizen: 5 & 11 Sep 1974 172. ^Prince George Citizen, 19 May1976 173. ^Prince George Citizen, 9 Feb 1977 174. ^Prince George Citizen, 26 Sep 1979 175. ^Prince George Citizen: 31 Aug 1977 & 30 Aug 1978 176. ^Prince George Citizen: 4 Jun 1975 & 25 Apr 1977 177. ^Prince George Citizen, 22 Jun 1978 178. ^Prince George Citizen, 27 Jun 1978 179. ^Prince George Citizen: 1 & 2 May 1979; 5 Dec 1979; & 28 Mar 1980 180. ^Prince George Citizen, 20 May 1980 181. ^Prince George Citizen, 22 Jul 1980 182. ^Prince George Citizen, 20 Jul 1981 183. ^Prince George Citizen: 8 Mar 1982 & 5 Apr 1982 184. ^Prince George Citizen, 7 Jul 1982 185. ^Prince George Citizen, 12 Aug 1981 186. ^Prince George Citizen, 17 Mar 1983 187. ^Prince George Citizen: 2, 4 & 16 Nov 1983 188. ^Prince George Citizen, 29 Sep 1981 189. ^Prince George Citizen: 14 to 19 Apr 1983; & 15 Sep 1983 190. ^Prince George Citizen, 10 Apr 1980 191. ^Prince George Citizen: 22 Apr 1983, 6 May 1983, 3 Jun 1983, 21 Oct 1983, 4 & 18 Nov 1983, & 16 Dec 1983 192. ^Prince George Citizen, 19 Apr 1983 193. ^Prince George Citizen, 20 Feb 1987 194. ^Prince George Citizen, 10 Jun 1985 195. ^Prince George Citizen, 31 Aug 1985 196. ^Prince George Citizen: 22, 24 & 25 Mar 1986 197. ^Prince George Citizen, 18 Jun 1986 198. ^Prince George Citizen: 30 Aug 1986; 23 & 25 Sep 1986; 26 Jan 1989; 3, 7, 8 & 17 Feb 1989; 20 Oct 1989; & 18 Nov 1989 199. ^Prince George Citizen, 25 Apr 1986 200. ^Prince George Citizen: 17 Dec 1986, 28 Jan 1987, 7 Feb 1987 & 28 Apr 1987 201. ^Prince George Citizen, 25 Mar 1987 202. ^Prince George Citizen, 28 Jun 1989 203. ^Prince George Citizen, 6 Dec 1989 204. ^Prince George Citizen: 12 Jul 1991, 25 Jan 1993, 14 May 1993 & 15 Oct 1993 205. ^Prince George Citizen, 1 Nov 1991 206. ^Prince George Citizen, 16 Sep 1998 207. ^Prince George Citizen, 2 Dec 1995 208. ^Prince George Citizen, 7 Apr 1997 209. ^Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1998 210. ^Prince George Citizen: 25 & 29 Sep 1986; 19 to 26 Nov 1988; & 6 & 7 May 1996 211. ^Prince George Citizen, 12 Mar 1998 212. ^Prince George Citizen: 15, 16, & 24 Apr 1997 213. ^Prince George Citizen, 25 Feb 1999 214. ^Prince George Citizen, 15 Oct 1998 215. ^Prince George Citizen: 15 Jul 1998 & 10 Apr 1999 216. ^Prince George Citizen: 8 Dec 2000; & 1 & 4 May 2001 217. ^Prince George Citizen: 1 Apr 2010 & 18 Jul 2011 218. ^Prince George Citizen, 16 Jan 2015 219. ^Prince George Citizen: 23 & 24 Jul 2015 220. ^http://www.foreclosuresforsale.ca/wps/-/mobile~1/myofficelistings/32898/details-69642638 221. ^http://www.maxsave.bc.ca/officelistings.html/listing.r2204985-34525-upper-fraser-road-upper-fraser-v0j-2z0.69642638 222. ^https://www.canadapost.ca/cpotools/apps/fpo/personal/findPostOfficeDetail?outletId=%20gc5612fb7a0b2f00c_0000647306 223. ^Prince George Citizen: 23 Oct 1947 & 20 May 1948 224. ^Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1948 225. ^Prince George Citizen, 20 Jan 1949 226. ^Prince George Citizen, 3 Mar 1949 227. ^Prince George Citizen: 14 & 29 Dec 1959; & 8 Jan 1960 228. ^Prince George Citizen, 16 Dec 1959 229. ^https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/117299403/charles-hamilton-rombough 230. ^Prince George Citizen: 1, 13, 14 & 20 Nov 1961; & 6, 7 & 8 Dec 1961 231. ^Prince George Citizen: 11 & 14 Dec 1961 232. ^Prince George Citizen, 12 Jun 1964 233. ^Prince George Citizen, 2 Mar 1965 234. ^Prince George Citizen, 30 Jun 1966 235. ^Prince George Citizen, 7 Nov 1967 236. ^Prince George Citizen: 1 Sep 1970, & 4 & 12 Mar 1971 237. ^Prince George Citizen: 6 Sep 1977; 30 Aug 1978; & 6, 7 & 11 Sep 1978 238. ^Prince George Citizen: 22 Feb 1978 & 31 Mar 1978 239. ^Prince George Citizen: 31 Jan 1984 & 10 Feb 1984 240. ^Prince George Citizen: 11 Sep 1985; & 27 & 28 Nov 1985 241. ^Prince George Citizen, 23 Jan 1990 242. ^Prince George Citizen: 21 & 22 Jul 1986; & 25 Nov 1986 243. ^Prince George Citizen, 16 Feb 1991 244. ^Prince George Citizen, 24 Jun 1981 245. ^Prince George Citizen, 22 Aug 1996 246. ^Prince George Citizen: 19 May 1964, 30 Oct 1964 & 15 Dec 1964 247. ^Prince George Citizen, 16 Oct 1970 248. ^Prince George Citizen: 30 May 1973 & 30 Aug 1974 249. ^Prince George Citizen: 21 Apr 1981 & 14 Oct 1982 250. ^Prince George Citizen: 12 Sep 1991 & 5 Mar 1992 251. ^Prince George Citizen, 12 Jan 1995 252. ^Prince George Citizen: 3 Mar 2012; 13 & 23 Apr 2012; & 25 Apr 2014 References
2 : Robson Valley|Populated places in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George |
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