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词条 Uprising of the Five Barbarians
释义

  1. Background

  2. Uprising

     Beginnings of the uprising  Jin defeat and Disaster of Yongjia 

  3. Historical impact

  4. References

  5. Sources

  6. External links

{{Short description|Rebellion of unsinicized peoples against the Jin dynasty}}{{Infobox military conflict
|image= Wu Hu Uprising.png
|caption=
|conflict=Uprising of the Five Barbarians (五胡亂華)
|partof=
|date=304–316
|place=Northern China
|result=Rebel victory; Fall of the Western Jin dynasty; Formation of the Eastern Jin dynasty
|territorial changes= North China fragments into the Sixteen Kingdoms
|combatant1=Rebels of various ethnicities including the Five Barbarians
|combatant2=Jin dynasty
|commander1=Liu Yuan, Liu Cong, Shi Le and other tribal chieftains
|commander2=Sima Yue, Wang Yan
|strength1=c.100,000
|strength2=100,000-200,000
|casualties1=Unknown
|casualties2=unknown }}

The Uprising of the Five Barbarians ({{zh|t=五胡亂華|s=五胡乱华|p=Wǔhú luànhuá|l=Five Barbarians throw China into disorder}}), is a Chinese expression referring refers to a series of uprisings between 304 and 316 by non-Han Chinese peoples living in Northeast Asia against the Jin dynasty (265–420). The uprisings helped topple Emperor Huai of Jin in Luoyang and ended the Western Jin dynasty. Rulers from five ethnic groups, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Qiang and Di, then established a series of independent kingdoms in what is now northern China. This period of Chinese history, known as the Sixteen Kingdoms (五胡十六國, 'sixteen kingdoms of the five barbarians'), lasted until the Northern Wei dynasty united northern China in the 5th century.

Background

The southward migration of nomadic tribes into the lands around the Yellow River had been ongoing since the Eastern Han dynasty for several reasons. Military and diplomatic successes provided an incentive for nomads to move into closer contact with Han Chinese, while the wars of the later Three Kingdoms period also encouraged this immigration, which repopulated previously devastated areas and provided military power and labour.

By the end of the 4th century, the nomadic tribes had moved into the Guanzhong area, as well as the watersheds of the Wei and Xing rivers, practically surrounding the Jin capital in Luoyang. At the same time, the accession of Emperor Hui of Jin, who was possibly developmentally disabled, led to a struggle between the princes of the ruling Sima family to control him, sparking off the War of the Eight Princes.

Uprising

Beginnings of the uprising

The War of the Eight Princes lasted for more than a decade, severely weakening the economy and military capacity of the Western Jin. At the same time, the nomads were also being enlisted by the princes as military forces; one such force of Xianbei, under the command of Sima Yue, captured Chang'an in 306.

Taking advantage of this period of weakness, the different non-Chinese peoples began to openly occupy territory and proclaim new regimes. The Di chief Li Xiong captured Chengdu in 304, proclaiming the kingdom of Cheng Han. The most serious initial revolt, however, was Xiongnu chieftain Liu Yuan, who proclaimed the kingdom of Han Zhao in 304 as well, in the northern heartland of the Jin dynasty.[1]{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Jin defeat and Disaster of Yongjia

The Jin dynasty was ineffective in its attempts to halt the uprising. The Jin capital, Luoyang was open to Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong (who was now commander of the rebellious forces), and he attacked Luoyang in 309 and 310 CE twice, without success. However, the Jin Chancellor Sima Yue fled Luoyang in 310CE with 40,000 troops to Xiangcheng in Henan in an attempt to flee this threat.[1]{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}

After Sima Yue's death, the main Jin forces in Henan, led by Wang Yan, decided to proceed to Shantung to defeat Shi Le, a general of Jie ethnicity under Liu Cong, but was defeated by the rebel forces and more than 100,000 soldiers perished, including Wang Yan himself.[2]{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The defeat of Wang Yan's forces finally exhausted the military capacity of the Jin, leaving the capital open to capture. Upon entering the city, the invaders engaged in a massacre, razing the city and causing more than 30,000 deaths. This event in Chinese history was known as the Disaster of Yongjia, after the era name of Emperor Huai of Jin; the emperor himself was captured, while his crown prince and clansmen were killed.[2]{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Although the main Jin regime in the North was defeated, Jin forces continued to hold three provinces in the North, namely Youzhou, Liangzhou, and Bingzhou. These provinces, however, were cut off from the remnant Jin forces now in the South and eventually overrun, reducing Jin control to the area south of the Huai River.

Historical impact

The collapse of the Western Jin had long-lasting effects. In the conquered areas, various non-Han leaders quickly established a large series of kingdoms and states, most of which were short lived; this era of fragmentation and state creation lasted for more than a century, until the Northern Wei regime finally conquered and "unified" the northern regions in 439 and became the first of the Northern Dynasties.

The chaos and devastation of the north also led to a mass migration of Han Chinese to the areas south of the Huai River, where conditions were relatively stable. The southward migration of the Jin nobility is referred to in Chinese as yī guān nán dù ({{linktext|衣|冠|南|渡}}, lit. "garments and headdresses moving south"). Many of those who fled south were of prominent families, who had the means to escape; among these prominent northern families were the Xie clan and the Wang clan, whose prominent members included Xie An and Wang Dao. Wang Dao, in particular, was instrumental in supporting Sima Rui to proclaim the Eastern Jin dynasty at Jiankang and serving as his chancellor. The Eastern Jin, dependent on established southern nobility as well as exiled northern nobility for its survival, became a relatively weak dynasty dominated by regional nobles who served as governors; nonetheless it would survive for another century as a southern regime.

While the era was one of military catastrophe, it was also one of deep cultural interaction. The nomadic tribes introduced new methods of government, while also encouraging introduced faiths such as Buddhism. Meanwhile, the southward exodus of the cultured Jin elite, who then spread across the southern provinces including modern-day Fujian and Guangdong, further integrated the areas south of the Yangtze River into the Chinese cultural sphere.

The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from northern China to Fujian in southern China due to the uprising of the five barbarians when the Eastern Jin was founded, the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin surnames.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Ming dynasty pirate Zheng Zhilong and his son Koxinga's ancestors in the Zheng family originated in northen China but due to the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and Disaster of Yongjia by the Five Barbarians, the Zheng family were among the northern Chinese refugees who fled to southern China and settled in Putian, Fujian. They later moved to Zhangzhou and moved on to Nan'an.[10][11]

The different waves of migration such as the fourth century and Tang dynasty northern Han Chinese migrants to the south are claimed as the origin of various Chen families in Fuzhou, Fujian.[12]

The Uprising of the Five Barbarians was one of several wars in northern China along with the An Lushan Rebellion, Huang Chao Rebellion, the wars of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and Jin–Song Wars which caused a mass migration of Han Chinese from northern China to southern China called 衣冠南渡(yì guān nán dù).[13][14][15][16][17][18] These mass migrations led to southern China's population growth, economic, agricultural and cultural development as it stayed peaceful unlike the north.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The Western Jin set up "emigrant counties" for the northern Han Chinese refugees as stated in the saying “皆取旧壤之名，侨立郡县”. The influx of northern Han Chinese refugees was called "侨寄法" and the refugees were called “侨人”.[26] Yellow registers were used to record the original southern Han Chinese population befoee the migration and white registers were used to record the massive influx of commoner and aristocratic northern Han Chinese migrants by the Eastern Jin dynasty government.[27]

After the establishment of the Northern Wei

in northern China and a return to stability, a small reverse migration of southern defectors to northern China took place. In Luoyang a Wu quarter was set up for southerners moving north.[28][29][30][31][32] Han Chinese male nobles and royals of the southern dynasties who fled north to defect marrried over half of Northern Wei Xianbei Tuoba princesses.[33] Southern Chinese from the southern capital of Jiankang (Nanjing) were deported to the northern capital of Chang'an by the Sui dynasty after reuniting China.[34]

Han Chinese refugees from the five barbarian uprising also migrated into the Korean peninsula[35] and into the Murong Former Yan state.[36][37][38][39] Eastern Jin maintained nominal suzerainty over the Murong state until 353 as the Murong accepted titles from them.[40] An official in the Murong state, Dong Shou defected to Goguryeo.[41][42][43][44][45][46] Han Chinese refugees migrated west into Han Chinese controlled Former Liang.[47][48][49]

Yan Zhitui's aristocratic Yan family originally fled to southern China with the Eastern Jin during the uprising of the Five Barbarians in 317. Yan Zhitui was born in the Liang dynasty in 531 but upon the Chen dynasty replacing the Liang dynasty, Yan Zhitui refused to serve the new dynasty so he moved to northeastern China and defected to the Northern Qi dynasty, living through the Northern Zhou's conquest of the Northern Qi when he was brought to Chang'an in northwestern China and then serving the Sui dynasty which overthrew the Northern Zhou.

The descendants of northern Han Chinese aristicrats who fled the five barbarians uprising to move south with the Eastern Jin.and the local southern Han Chinese aristocrats already in southern China combined to form the Chinese Southern aristocracy in the Tang dynasty, in competition with the northeastern aristocracy and the mixed Han-Xianbei northwestern aristocracy of the former Northern Zhou who founded the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty.[50][51] The southern aristocracy only intermarried with each other and viewed themselves as preserving Han culture.[52][53]

Southern Chinese Daoism developed as a result of a merger of the religious beliefs of the local southern Han Chinese aristocrarts and northern Han Chinese emigres fleeing the five barbarians.[54] The Han aristocrats of both south and north were highly insular and closed against outsiders and descended frop the same families who originally hailed from northern China.[55][56]

References

1. ^1 Li and Zheng, pg 382
2. ^1 Li and Zheng, pg 383
3. ^{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Kenneth |last2=Zheng |first2=Zhenman |date=2009 |title=Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods |chapter=Appendix One. Legends Of The Main Surnames Of The Putian Plain (Based On The Account In Zhang Qin’s Putian Xianzhi) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSiwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=341 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004176027.i-437.88 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=904742946X }}
4. ^{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Bin |last2=Xie |first2=Bizhen |editor1-last=Li |editor1-first=Tang |editor2-first=Dietmar W. |editor2-last=Winkler |date=2013 |title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA270&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=270 |chapter= The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty|dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn= 3643903294 }}
5. ^{{cite book |last1=Ni |first1=Hao |last2= |first2= |date= |title=Travel Guide of Fujian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytGJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEINTAD#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |publisher=DeepLogic |series=Travelling in China }}
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Szonyi |first1=Michael |last2= |first2= |date=2002 |title= Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6La08w3cBcAC&pg=PA27&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIOjAE#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=27 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0804742618 }}
7. ^{{cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=Zhenman |last2= |first2= |date=2001 |title=Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6l_WOr1lLYC&pg=PA190&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp3pGT8KbhAhXrYd8KHTYPD18Q6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian&f=false |page=190 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0824823338 }}
8. ^{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Hugh R. |last2= |first2= |date=2007 |title=Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=126EsR8rpC8C&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&dq=chen+eight+surnames+fujian+putian&source=bl&ots=FiU_zVuVt8&sig=ACfU3U0uXWfxtLqjMYx0KFBvVks9cZTAhw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3y9SQ9qbhAhURn-AKHWYtBAwQ6AEwGnoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=chen%20eight%20surnames%20fujian%20putian&f=false |page=223 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Chinese University Press |isbn=9629962276 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Kenneth |last2= |first2= |date=1998 |title= Transformations of the She (altars of the soil) in Fujian |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_1998_num_10_1_1236 |journal=Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie |volume= |issue=10 |pages= 19–75 |doi= |access-date= }}
10. ^福建人民出版社《闽台关系族谱资料选编》
11. ^台湾《漳龙衍派鄱山氏之来龙去脉》（ 在2002年举行的纪念郑成功收复台湾340周年研讨会上 郑姓）
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13. ^衣冠南渡 ．在线新华字典[引用日期2013-08-09
14. ^唐宋时期的北人南迁 ．内蒙古教育出版社官网．2008-01-15[引用日期2013-08-09]
15. ^六朝时期北人南迁及蛮族的流布 ．内蒙古教育出版社官网．2008-01-15[引用日期2013-08-09]
16. ^东晋建康的开始—永嘉南渡 ．通南京网．2012-10-10[引用日期2013-08-09]
17. ^从衣冠南渡到西部大开发 ．中国期刊网．2011-4-26 [引用日期2013-08-12]
18. ^中华书局编辑部．全唐诗．北京：中华书局，1999-01-1 ：761
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26. ^参阅范文澜蔡美彪等《中国通史》第二编第五章第一节﹑郭沫若《中国史稿》第三册第四章第一节
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32. ^{{cite book |last1= Ebrey |first1= Patricia Buckley |last2=Walthall |first2=Anne |last3=Palais |first3=James B. |date=2006 |title= East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0entAAAAMAAJ&q=luoyang+wu+quarter&dq=luoyang+wu+quarter&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLgIuPsarhAhVNdt8KHafJBHsQ6AEIPjAE |page=79 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=0618133844 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
33. ^{{cite thesis |last=Tang |first=Qiaomei |date=May 2016 |title= Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First through Sixth Century)|type=Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations |chapter= |publisher=Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts |docket= |oclc= |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33493331/TANG-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |pages=151-153 |access-date=}}
34. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |editor-last1=Ebrey |editor-first1= Patricia Buckley |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=Paul Jakov |date=2016 |title=State Power in China, 900-1325 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA309&dq=jiankang+sui+deport&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjetqSYuarhAhWvnuAKHQtwCvwQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=jiankang%20sui%20deport&f=false |page=309 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0295998482 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
35. ^{{cite book |last1=Holcombe |first1=Charles |last2= |first2= |date=2001 |title=The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA170&dq=murong+refugees+liaodong&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW6bH3x6rhAhWxct8KHUEsAOcQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=murong%20refugees%20liaodong&f=false |page=170|dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn= 0824824652 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
36. ^{{cite book |last1=Dien |first1= Albert E. |last2= |first2= |date=2007 |series=Early Chinese civilization series |title=Six Dynasties Civilization |trans-title= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0zp6iMZoqt0C&pg=PA98&dq=chinese+refugees+liao+murong&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ9erjyKrhAhWJZd8KHWjWATIQ6wEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=chinese%20refugees%20liao%20murong&f=false |page=98|dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300074042 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
37. ^{{cite book |last1=Ji |first1=Lu |last2= |first2= |date= |title=Selected Biographies of Chinese Emperors in Major Dynasties |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXaMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&dq=murong+migration+liaodong&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjozOjFy6rhAhWSmuAKHRPoAHkQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=murong%20migration%20liaodong&f=false |page= |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=DeepLogic |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
38. ^{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Shi |last2= |first2= |date= |title=The Political History in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCGKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94&dq=murong+migration+liaodong&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjozOjFy6rhAhWSmuAKHRPoAHkQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=murong%20migration%20liaodong&f=false |page= |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=DeepLogic |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
39. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |author=Hanʼguk Chŏngsin Munhwa Yŏnʼguwŏn |date=2005 |title=The Review of Korean Studies, Volume 8, Issues 3-4 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jR4OAQAAMAAJ&q=murong+dongshou&dq=murong+dongshou&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDrf2dzqrhAhUMON8KHeGMCvcQ6AEIMDAC |page=105 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
40. ^{{cite book |last1=Holcombe |first1=Charles |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |title=A History of East Asia |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYKlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&dq=murong+dongshou&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDrf2dzqrhAhUMON8KHeGMCvcQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=murong%20dongshou&f=false |page=85 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated, revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=1107118735 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
41. ^{{cite book |last1=Spiro |first1=Audrey G. |last2= |first2= |date=1990 |title=Contemplating the Ancients: Aesthetic and Social Issues in Early Chinese Portraiture |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Coej6xjzaPQC&pg=PA42&dq=murong+dongshou&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDrf2dzqrhAhUMON8KHeGMCvcQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=murong%20dongshou&f=false |page=42 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher= University of California Press|isbn=0520065670 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
42. ^{{cite book |last1=Spiro |first1=Audrey Jean Goldman |last2= |first2= |date=1987 |title=Early Chinese Portraiture: Character as Social Ideal |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyLqAAAAMAAJ&q=murong+dongshou&dq=murong+dongshou&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDrf2dzqrhAhUMON8KHeGMCvcQ6AEINDAD |page=56 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=reprint |publisher=University of California, Los Angeles |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
43. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |author=Society for East Asian Studies |date=2002 |title=Journal of East Asian Archaeology, Volume 4 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4RuAAAAMAAJ&q=murong+dongshou&dq=murong+dongshou&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDrf2dzqrhAhUMON8KHeGMCvcQ6AEIOTAE |page=263 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Brill |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
44. ^{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Gina |last2= |first2= |date=2013 |series=Durham East Asia Series|title=State Formation in Korea: Emerging Elites |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXj_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=murong+dongshou&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDrf2dzqrhAhUMON8KHeGMCvcQ6AEIQjAG#v=onepage&q=murong%20dongshou&f=false |page=24 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1136841040 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
45. ^{{cite book |editor-last1=Kroll |editor-first1=Paul W. |editor-last2=Knechtges |editor-first2=David R. |date=2003 |series=Tang studies |title= Studies in Early Medieval Chinese Literature and Cultural History: In Honor of Richard B. Mather & Donald Holzman |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLsVAQAAIAAJ&q=murong+dongshou&dq=murong+dongshou&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDrf2dzqrhAhUMON8KHeGMCvcQ6AEISDAH |page=235 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Tʻang Studies Society |isbn=0972925503 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
46. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=1998 |title=China Archaeology & Art Digest, Volume 2, Issues 3-4 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkvrAAAAMAAJ&q=murong+dongshou&dq=murong+dongshou&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDrf2dzqrhAhUMON8KHeGMCvcQ6AEISzAI |page=246 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Art Text (HK) Ltd. |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
47. ^{{cite book |last1=Graff |first1=David |last2= |first2= |date=2003 |series=Warfare and History |title=Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpmBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57&dq=western+liang+murong+refugees&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT4O7by6zhAhXCdd8KHSJ8CbcQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=western%20liang%20murong%20refugees&f=false |page=57 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1134553536 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
48. ^{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Shi |last2= |first2= |date= |series=Deep Into China Histories|title=The History of Thoughts in Wei, Jin , Southern and Northern Dynasty |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiGKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3&dq=western+liang+murong+refugees&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT4O7by6zhAhXCdd8KHSJ8CbcQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=western%20liang%20murong%20refugees&f=false |page= |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=DeepLogic |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
49. ^{{cite book |last1=Dardess |first1=John W. |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |title=Governing China, 150-1850 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpXzmOuqiegC&pg=PA7&dq=western+liang+murong+refugees&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT4O7by6zhAhXCdd8KHSJ8CbcQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=western%20liang%20murong%20refugees&f=false |page=7 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=1603843116 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
50. ^{{cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Jo-Shui |last2= |first2= |date=2006 |series=Cambridge Studies in Chinese History, Literature and Institutions |title=Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773-819 |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnKdhb6Ct0oC&pg=PA11&dq=southern+aristocracy+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0xvH62avhAhWNd98KHePpCk0Q6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=southern%20aristocracy%20china&f=false |page=11 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=reprint, reissue |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521030102 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
51. ^{{cite book |last1=Gernet |first1=Jacques |last2= |first2= |date=1996 |title=A History of Chinese Civilization |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA172&dq=southern+aristocracy+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0xvH62avhAhWNd98KHePpCk0Q6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=southern%20aristocracy%20china&f=false |page=172 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated, reprint, revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521497817 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
52. ^{{cite book |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |last2=Walthall |first2=Anne |date=2013 |title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ou-hq_FlQY4C&pg=PA68&dq=southern+aristocracy+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0xvH62avhAhWNd98KHePpCk0Q6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=southern%20aristocracy%20china&f=false |page=68 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=3, illustrated |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=1133606474 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
53. ^{{cite book |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |series=Cambridge Illustrated Histories |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vr81YoYK0c4C&pg=PA86&dq=southern+aristocracy+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0xvH62avhAhWNd98KHePpCk0Q6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=southern%20aristocracy%20china&f=false |page=86 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521124336 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
54. ^{{cite book |last1=Ji |first1=Xiao-bin |last2= |first2= |date=2003 |series=Facts series|title=Facts about China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=southern+aristocracy+china&dq=southern+aristocracy+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0xvH62avhAhWNd98KHePpCk0Q6AEIQzAF |page=110 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |edition=illustrated |publisher=H.W. Wilson |isbn=0824209613 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
55. ^{{cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Sanping |last2= |first2= |date=2012 |series=Encounters with Asia |title=Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC&pg=PA4&dq=southern+aristocracy+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0xvH62avhAhWNd98KHePpCk0Q6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=southern%20aristocracy%20china&f=false |page=4 |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0812206282 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
56. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=2013 |title=The Rough Guide to Southwest China |trans-title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geJqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT324&dq=southern+aristocracy+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0xvH62avhAhWNd98KHePpCk0Q6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=southern%20aristocracy%20china&f=false |page= |dead-url= |format= |language= |location= |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=1409349527 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |subscription= |quote= }}

Sources

{{refbegin}}
  • Li, Bo; Zheng Yin (Chinese) (2001) 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp, {{ISBN|7-204-04420-7}},
{{refend}}

External links

  • https://baike.baidu.com/item/五胡乱华
  • https://baike.baidu.com/item/衣冠南渡
  • https://baike.baidu.com/item/侨寄法
{{Jin dynasty (265–420) topics}}{{16 Kingdoms}}

2 : Jin dynasty (265–420)|Wars involving Imperial China
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