“Urban terrorism”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Urban Terrorism, is the targeted use of terrorism in urban populations in order to cause the most harm, injury, death, or property damage. Since urban areas have significantly higher population densities than rural areas, targeting those areas can maximize the effect of the terrorist attack.

Examples

A variety of methods for committing urban terrorism have been employed in recent history including car bombs, explosive vests, and in the case of the September 11 attacks, hijacked airplanes.

February 26, 1993 World Trade Center bombing

On February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m., a Ryder truck filled with {{convert|1500|lb}} of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States.^[1] The blast opened a 100-foot (30 m) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3.^[2] Six people were killed, over 1,000 were injured and 50,000 other workers and visitors were left gasping for air within the 110 story towers. Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that contained no emergency lighting, some taking two hours or more to reach safety.^[3]^[4]

Yousef fled to Pakistan after the bombing but was arrested in Islamabad in February 1995, and was extradited back to the United States to face trial.^[5] Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman was convicted in 1996 for involvement in the bombing and other plots.^[6] Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted in November 1997 for their carrying out the bombing.^[7] Four others had been convicted in May 1994 for their involvement in the 1993 bombing.^[8] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower, toppling both landmarks.^[9]

September 11, 2001 attacks

The September 11 attacks (often referred to as September 11th or 9/11) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners.^[10]^[11] The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. in an attempted attack on the United States Capitol Building. There were no survivors from any of the flights.

The death toll of the attacks was 2,995, including the 19 hijackers.^[12] The overwhelming majority of casualties were civilians, including nationals of over 70 countries.^[13] In addition, there is at least one secondary death – one person was ruled by a medical examiner to have died from lung disease due to exposure to dust from the World Trade Center's collapse.^[14]

April 15, 2013 Boston Marathon bombing

On April 15, 2013, explosive devices were detonated near the crowded finish line of the Boston Marathon which was held on Boston’s 238th annual Patriots' Day. Two explosions took place at the 4:09 mark of the race, approximately ten seconds apart. Three people were killed, including an 8 year old child. At least 170 people were injured, and according to latest reports, seventeen of them critically. "At this time there are no claims of responsibility," FBI officials said in a press conference Tuesday. "The range of suspects and motives remains wide open."^[15]

Notes

1. ^Reeve (1999), p. 10
2. ^{{Cite book|title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |pages=xlv |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |date=September 2005}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/111113 |title=A Shaken City's Towering Inferno |author=Mathews, Tom |date=March 8, 1993 |publisher=Newsweek |accessdate=October 26, 2008}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DC103DF934A15751C0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Tougher Code May Not Have Helped |author=Barbanel, Josh |date=February 27, 1993 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=November 20, 2008}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0DE1E3DF93AA35751C0A963958260 |title=Fugitive in Trade Center Blast Is Caught and Returned to U.S. |author=Johnston, David |date=February 9, 1995 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=November 20, 2008}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE4DF1E39F93BA25752C0A960958260 |title=Sheik Sentenced to Life in Prison in Bombing Plot |date=January 18, 1996 |author=Fried, Joseph P. |work=The New York Times |accessdate=November 20, 2008}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9711/12/world.trade.center/ |title=Jury convicts 2 in Trade Center blast |publisher=CNN |date=November 12, 1997 |accessdate=November 20, 2008}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940525&slug=1912247 |title=In Sentencing Bombers, Judge Takes Hard Line |work=Seattle Times / AP |date=May 25, 1994 |author1=Hays, Tom |author2=Larry Neumeister |lastauthoramp=yes |accessdate=November 20, 2008}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/05/wtc.trial/index.html |title=Prosecutor: Yousef aimed to topple Trade Center towers |date=August 5, 1997 |publisher=CnN |accessdate=November 20, 2008}}
10. ^{{Cite web|title=Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States|publisher=United Nations|date=September 12, 2001|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|accessdate=September 11, 2006|quote=The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday’s "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.}}
11. ^{{Cite news|title = Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11|publisher = CBC News|date= October 29, 2004|url = http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html|accessdate = January 11, 2009 |quote=al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States.}}
12. ^{{Cite news|title=War Casualties Pass 9/11 Death Toll |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/22/terror/main2035427.shtml |publisher=CBS News |date=September 22, 2006 |accessdate=September 24, 2008}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|title=A list of the 77 countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001|publisher=U.S. Department of State, Office of International Information Programs|url=http://www.interpol.int/public/ICPO/speeches/20020911List77Countries.asp|postscript=|journal=—|access-date=May 28, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.is/20110528170021/http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/speeches/20020911List77Countries.asp|archive-date=May 28, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
14. ^{{Cite web|title= Toxic dust adds to WTC death toll|publisher= msnbc.com| date=May 24, 2007|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18831750/|accessdate=September 6, 2009}}
15. ^{{Cite news|url= http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/04/16/explosion-reported-near-finish-line-boston-marathon-spokesman-says/#ixzz2Qp9Bf76s |title=Explosion Boston Marathon |date=April 16, 2013 |publisher=Foxnews |accessdate=April 16, 2013}}