| 词条 | Muslin |
| 释义 |
| align = | direction = | width = | image1 = Фрески Сигирии - panoramio.jpg | caption1 = court ladies wearing tight tunic made of muslin 5th century Sigiriya | image2 = Mensen in Sri Lanka konden mooie rotsschilderingen maken hier ook bij de Leeuwenrots.jpg | caption2 = }}Muslin ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌ|z|l|ᵻ|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|juː|s|l|ᵻ|n}}{{fact|date=February 2018}}), also mousseline or Malmal, is a cotton fabric of plain weave.[1][2] It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting.[2][3] Muslins were imported into Europe from Bengal during much of the 17th and 18th centuries and were later manufactured in Scotland and England. While English-speakers call it muslin because Europeans believed it originated in the Iraqi city of Mosul, its origins are now thought to have been farther east — in particular Dhaka, the capital of what is now Bangladesh. Dhaka’s jamdani muslin, with its distinctive patterns woven in layer by layer, was one of the Mughal Empire’s most prestigious and lucrative exports. Early muslin was handwoven of uncommonly delicate handspun yarn.[3] In 2013, the traditional art of weaving Jamdani muslin in Bangladesh was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[4] Etymology and historyMuslin (AmE: Muslin gauze) from French mousseline, from Italian mussolina, from Mussolo ‘Mosul’ (Mosul, Iraq, where European traders are said to have first encountered the cloth). Although this view has the fabric named after the city where Europeans first encountered it (Mosul), the fabric is believed to have originated in Dhakeshwari, now Dhaka the capital of Bangladesh.[5] In the prehistoric period, a mother goddess figurine from Indus valley civilization appears to be draped in a very thin tight tunic top compared to her skirt which exposes her bosoms which maybe a cloth like muslin[6]. Muslin is depicted frequently as early as 2nd century BC in chandraketugarh terracotta figurines from west Bengal. In fifth century Sigiriya painting depicts royal females drapped in muslin In the 9th century, an Arab merchant named Sulaiman made note of the material's origin in Bengal (known as Ruhmi in Arabic). Bengali muslin was traded throughout the Muslim world, from the Middle East to Southeast Asia. In many Islamic regions, such as in Central Asia, the cloth was named Daka, after the city of Dhaka.[9]Subsequently, the word Muslin found its place in various European languages as French mousseline, Italian mussolina etc., During the Roman period, muslin was the foremost export of Masulipatam, in Andhra Pradesh. Bengali khadi muslin was so prized by well-dressed ladies of Rome that according to Roman legend, "an ounce of muslin used to sell in Rome for an ounce of gold".[7][8] In 1298, Marco Polo described the cloth in his book The Travels. He said it was made in Mosul, Iraq.[9] The 16th-century English traveler Ralph Fitch lauded the muslin he saw in Sonargaon.[10] During the 17th and 18th centuries, Mughal Bengal emerged as the foremost muslin exporter in the world, with Mughal Dhaka as capital of the worldwide muslin trade.[11][12] It became highly popular in 18th-century France and eventually spread across much of the Western world. Under British rule, the British East India company could not compete with the local Muslin with their own export of cloth to India. Muslin production was repressed and the knowledge eradicated. There is a story that weavers were systematically rounded up and their hands mutilated with removal of their thumbs, but this seems to be a misreading of a report from 1772 that spinners were treated "with such injustice that instances have been known of their cutting off their thumbs, to prevent their being forced to wind silk."[13][14][15][16] During British colonial rule in the eighteenth century, the Bengali muslin industry was ruthlessly suppressed by various colonial policies,[17] which favored imports of industrially manufactured textiles from Britain. Brutality to muslin weavers was intense, William Bolts noting in 1772 that "instances have been known of their cutting off their thumbs to prevent their being forced to wind silk."[17]{{rp|194}}{{Repetition inline|date=October 2018}} As a result, the quality of muslin suffered greatly and its finesse was nearly lost for two centuries. There have been various attempts at reviving the muslin industry in modern Bangladesh. In present day, many different types of muslins are produced in many different places, including Dhaka. The word muslin is also used colloquially. In the United Kingdom, many sheer cotton fabrics are called muslin, while in the United States, muslin sometimes refers to a firm cloth for everyday use, which in the UK and Australia is known as calico. UsesDress-making and sewingWhen sewing clothing, a dressmaker may test the fit of a garment, using an inexpensive muslin fabric before cutting pieces from expensive fabric, thereby avoiding potential costly mistakes. This garment is often called a "muslin," and the process is called "making a muslin." In this context, "muslin" has become the generic term for a test or fitting garment, regardless of what it is made from. Muslin is also often used as a backing or lining for quilts, and thus can often be found in wide widths in the quilting sections of fabric stores. Shellac polishingMuslin is used as a French polishing pad. Culinary{{main article|Cheesecloth}}Muslin can be used as a filter:
Muslin is the material for the traditional cloth wrapped around a Christmas pudding. Muslin is the fabric wrapped around the items in barmbrack, a fruitcake traditionally eaten at Halloween in Ireland. Muslin is used when making traditional Fijian Kava as a filter. Beekeepers use muslin to filter melted beeswax to clean it of particles and debris. Theater and photographyMuslin is often the cloth of choice for theater sets. It is used to mask the background of sets and to establish the mood or feel of different scenes. It receives paint well and, if treated properly, can be made translucent. It also holds dyes well. It is often used to create nighttime scenes because when dyed, it often gets a wavy look with the color varying slightly, such that it resembles a night sky. Muslin shrinks after it is painted or sprayed with water, which is desirable in some common techniques such as soft-covered flats. In video production as well, muslin is used as a cheap greenscreen or bluescreen, either pre-colored or painted with latex paint (diluted with water). It is commonly used as a background for the chroma key technique. Muslin is the most common backdrop material used by photographers for formal portrait backgrounds. These backdrops are usually painted, most often with an abstract mottled pattern. In the early days of silent film-making, and up until the late 1910s, movie studios did not have the elaborate lights needed to illuminate indoor sets, so most interior scenes were sets built outdoors with large pieces of muslin hanging overhead to diffuse sunlight. MedicineSurgeons use muslin gauze in cerebrovascular neurosurgery to wrap around aneurysms or intracranial vessels at risk for bleeding.[18] The thought is that the gauze reinforces the artery and helps prevent rupture. It is often used for aneurysms that, due to their size or shape, cannot be microsurgically clipped or coiled.[19] Early aviationThe Wright Brothers, in search of a light and strong covering for their gliders and the 1903 Wright Flyer (the first heavier-than-air powered aircraft), selected Pride of the West muslin as a covering for wings and control surfaces. A large piece of the fabric used on the original Wright Flyer (1903) was passed down to Wright descendants. The fabric was made available to The Wright Experience[20](reproduction of the Wright gliders and Flyer and reenactment of the first flight on its 100th anniversary) for examination as it was no longer commercially available a century after its use by the Wrights. To create an authentic modern reproduction of the original fabric, three different companies were needed which produced the thread, the weaving, and the finishing). See also
Notes1. ^{{citation |title=muslin (noun) |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition |date=March 2003 |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124185}} {{Commons category|Muslin dresses}}2. ^1 {{citation |title=muslin (noun) |publisher=Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-websterunabridged.com/unabridged/muslin}} 3. ^1 {{citation |title=muslin |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399430/muslin}} 4. ^{{citation |title=Jamdani recognised as intangible cultural heritage by Unesco |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jamdani-recognised-as-intangible-cultural-heritage-by-unesco/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=5 December 2013 |accessdate=2013-12-04}} 5. ^{{citation |last1=Ghosh |first1=G. K. |last2=Ghosh |first2=Shukla |date=1995 |title=Indian Textiles: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xbRLoG5MAkC&pg=PA35 |publisher=APH Publishing |pages=35– |isbn=978-81-7024-706-7}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=34&id=1&lk=dp1|title=National Museum, New Delhi|website=nationalmuseumindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-12-08}} 7. ^{{citation |last=Dutt |first=Sukumar |date=1962 |title=Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture |publisher=G. Allen and Unwin |page=132 |oclc=372316 |quote=The chief merchandise of Maisolia [Masulipatam], eagerly sought for by merchants from the Roman world, was muslin—so favourite a wear with fashionable Roman ladies of that age that a Roman legend has it that an ounce of muslin used to sell in Rome for an ounce of gold.}} 8. ^{{citation |last=Kahn |first=Maheen |author-link=Maheen Khan |date=13 December 2011 |title=The story of Khadi |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/2011/12/02/centre.htm |work=LifeStyle |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=2014-01-14}} 9. ^Polo, Marco. [https://archive.org/stream/mostnoblefamoust00polo#page/28/mode/2up The most noble and famous travels of Marco Polo, together with the travels of Nicoláo de' Conti]. Translated by John Frampton, London, A. and C. Black, 1937, p.28. 10. ^{{citation |last1=Shamim |first1=Shahid Hussain |last2=Selim |first2=Lala Rukh |year=2007 |chapter=Handloom Textiles |editor-last=Selim |editor-first=Lala Rukh |title=Art and Crafts |series=Cultural survey of Bangladesh series |volume=Volume 8 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |page=552 |oclc=299379796}} 11. ^1 {{citation |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |date=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |page=202}} 12. ^{{citation |last=Karim |first=Abdul |date=2012 |chapter=Muslin |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslin |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}} 13. ^{{citation |last1=Bolts |first1=William |date=1772 |title=Considerations on India affairs |publisher=J Almon |page=194 }} 14. ^{{citation |last=Edwards |first=Michael |date=June 1976 |title=Growth of the British Cotton Trade 1780-1815 |publisher=Augustus M Kelley Pubs |page=37 |isbn=0-678-06775-9}} 15. ^{{citation |last=Marshall |first=P. J.|date=1988 |title=India and Indonesia during the Ancien Regime |publisher=E.J. Brill |page=90 |isbn=978-90-04-08365-3}} 16. ^{{citation |last1=Samuel |first1=T. John |date=2013 |title=Many avatars : challenges, achievements and the future |location=[S.l.] |publisher=Friesenpress |isbn=1-4602-2893-6}} 17. ^1 {{citation |last=Bolts |first=William |authorlink=William Bolts |date=1772 |title=Considerations on India affairs: particularly respecting the present state of Bengal and its dependencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98lNAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Printed for J. Almon |pages=194–195}} 18. ^{{citation |last=Pool |first=J. |date=1976 |title=Muslin gauze in intracranial vascular surgery. Technical note. |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.3171/jns.1976.44.1.0127}} 19. ^{{citation |last1=Berger |first1=C. |last2=Hartmann |first2=M. |last3=Wildemann |first3=B. |date=March 2003 |title=Progressive visual loss due to a muslinoma – report of a case and review of the literature |journal=European Journal of Neurology |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=153–158 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00546.x}} 20. ^The Wright Experience References
8 : Bangladeshi clothing|Indian clothing|Woven fabrics|Folk costumes|Bengali culture|Heritage of Bengal|Bangladeshi inventions|Textile arts of Bangladesh |
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