| 词条 | Uruguayans |
| 释义 |
|group = Uruguayans {{small|Uruguayos}} |flag = |flag_caption = |image = |pop = {{circa}} 3.5 million{{ref label|en|a}} |regions = {{flagcountry|Uruguay}} 3,286,314 (2011 Census)[1] |region1 = Diaspora total |pop1 = {{circa}} 230,000 |region2 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} |pop2 = 117,564 |ref2 =[2] |region3 = {{flagcountry|United States}} |pop3 = 48,234 |ref3 =[3] |region4 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} |pop4 = 30,000 |ref4 = [4] |region5 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |pop5 = 9,376 |ref5 =[5] |region7 = {{flagcountry|France}} |pop7 = 5,970 |ref7 = [6] |region6 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |pop6 = 6,795 |ref6 =[7] |region8 = {{flagcountry|Chile}} |pop8 = 5,308 {{small|(2016)}} |ref8 = [8] |region9 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} |pop9 = 800–1,000 |ref9 = [9] |langs = Rioplatense Spanish (Uruguayan Spanish), Portuñol |rels = Predominantly Roman Catholicism[10] |related = Other Latin Americans | footnotes = a. {{note|en|}} The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations. }} Uruguayans or Uruguayan people ({{lang-es|uruguayos}}), are people identified with the country of Uruguay, through citizenship or descent. Uruguay is home to people of different ethnic origins. As a result, many Uruguayans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and their allegiance to Uruguay. Colloquially, primarily among other Spanish-speaking Latin American nations, Uruguayans are also referred to as "orientals" ({{lang-es|orientales}}). Uruguay is, along with most of the Americas, a melting pot of different peoples, with the difference that it has traditionally maintained a model that promotes cultural assimilation, hence the different cultures have been absorbed by the mainstream. Uruguay has one of the most homogeneous populations in South America; the most common ethnic backgrounds by far being those from Spain and Italy, i.e. Spanish Uruguayans and Italian Uruguayans. Immigration waves{{Main|Spanish people|Italian people|Demographics of Uruguay}}Uruguayans share a Spanish linguistic and cultural background with its neighbour country Argentina. Also, like Argentinians, most Uruguayans descend from colonial-era settlers and immigrants from Europe with almost 90% of the population being of European descent.[11] The majority of these are Spaniards and Italians, followed by the French, Portuguese, Romanians, Greeks, Germans, British (English or Scots), Irish, Poles,[12] Swiss, Russians, Bulgarians, Arab (mainly Lebanese and Syrians), Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, and Armenians. There is also smaller numbers of Japanese,[13] as well as Amerindians, mainly Charrúa, Minuán, Chaná, Güenoa, and Guaraní.[14] Montevideo, like Buenos Aires in Argentina and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, was a major seaport to dock ships coming from Europe and elsewhere, and European settlement greatly affected Uruguay to have a more western oriented culture. Many colonies such as Nueva Helvecia-Colonia Suiza a Swiss colony and Colonia Valdense a Piedmontese waldensian colony, are located in the department of Colonia. Also, there are towns founded by British settlers, like Conchillas and Barker. A Russian colony called San Javier, is found in the department of Río Negro. Also there are Mennonite colonies in the department of Río Negro like Gartental and El Ombú, in Canelones Department called Colonia Nicolich, and in San José Department called Colonia Delta. El Ombú, is famous for its well-known Dulce de Leche "Claldy", and is located near the city of Young. Many of the European immigrants arrived in Uruguay in the late 19th century and have heavily influenced the architecture and culture of Montevideo and other major cities. For this reason, Montevideo and life within the city are very reminiscent of Europe. Racial and ethnic groups{{bar box|title=Racial and Ethnic Composition in Uruguay (2011 Census)[15] |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Race/Colour |float=right |bars={{bar percent|White|MistyRose|87.7}}{{bar percent|Black|Black|4.6}}{{bar percent|Indigenous|Peru|2.4}}{{bar percent|Other/none|DimGray|5.1}}{{bar percent|Asian|Gold|0.2}} |caption= }} The majority of Uruguayans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries, with the exception of the Native American population. Europeans or whites{{main|Spanish Uruguayan|Italian Uruguayan|French Uruguayan|Armenians in Uruguay}}People of European ancestry comprise 87.7% of Uruguay's population according to the 2011 official Census.[15] Early Uruguayans are descendants of colonists from Spain and Portugal during the colonial period prior to 1810. Similar to the demographics of Argentina, more recent immigrants from Europe, largely from Italy and France, arrived in the great migratory wave during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Today, Uruguay's culture is influenced heavily by its European roots which is evident in its language, food, and other aspects of everyday life.[16] Mestizos & Amerindians{{main|Indigenous peoples in Uruguay}}Up to 2.4% of the population are of Mestizo (European-Amerindian) ancestry according to the 2011 census.[15] People with Amerindian ancestry can be found in the north of Uruguay, primarily in Tacuarembó Department, where the Amerindian ancestry accounts for 20% of the population. A 1996 census identified that 12,600 people in Uruguay were Amerindian descendants. In 2006 a census confirmed that there were 115,118 Uruguayans that descended from one Amerindian ethnic group, the Charrúas, reaching up to 4% of the country's population. In 2005 Sinthia Pagano, M.D conducted a genetic study, detecting the possibility that 38% of Uruguayans may have expressed partial genetic influence from the Amerindian population.[17][18] Africans{{main|Afro-Uruguayan}}Africans, Blacks, and Mulattos in Uruguay are more or less 209,662 and they are mostly found in Montevideo, Rivera Department, Artigas Department, Salto Department and Cerro Largo Department.[19] A 2011 census marked that there are more than 300,000 African descendants, and that 80% of Afro-Uruguayans are under the working class line.[20]Languages{{Main|Uruguayan Spanish|Languages of Uruguay}}Although Spanish is dominant, being the national language spoken by virtually all Uruguayans, Italian and French are also relevant. A mix of Portuguese-Spanish is spoken in the Uruguayan-Brazilian frontier called Portuñol/Portunhol, Fronterizo/Fronteiriço is the specific name for Uruguayan Portuñol. The audiovisual standard language is the Uruguayan Spanish, a variety of Rioplatense Spanish. Lunfardo is also spoken in Uruguay. Religion{{Main|Religion in Uruguay}}Uruguay has no official religion and church and state are separate. Religious freedom is guaranteed. A 2006 survey had Roman Catholicism as the main religion, with 47.1% of the population, 11.1% claim to be Non-Catholic Christian and 0.5% Jewish. Approximately 40.4% of the population professes no religion.[21] The Jewish community is concentrated in Montevideo (about 1% of the city's population), as well as the Muslim and Orthodox[22] communities. There are several Protestant and Pentecostal denominations, together they represent the 11.1% of the population, these denominations are, the Methodist Church in Uruguay,[23] the New Apostolic Church,[24] the Anglican Communion,[25] the Evangelical Baptist Convention of Uruguay, the Evangelical Church of the Río de la Plata,[26] the Waldensian Evangelical Church,[27] the United Evangelical Lutheran Church[28] and the Seventh-day Adventist Church.[29] The Pentecostal denominations are, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God,[30] Dios es Amor,[31] Pentecostal Naciente[32] and Assemblies of God.[33] Among the sizeable Armenian community in Montevideo, the dominant religion is Christianity, specifically, Armenian Apostolic[34] Armenian Catholic, and Armenian Evangelical Church.[35] Political observers consider Uruguay to be the most secular country in the Americas. The Bahá'í Faith[36] is also practiced, along with Afro-Brazilian religions such as Quimbanda, Candomblé, and Umbanda. CultureContemporary Uruguayan culture is diverse in its nature since the nation's population is one of multicultural origins. The country has an impressive legacy of artistic and literary traditions, especially for its small size. The contribution of its alternating conquerors, Spain and Portugal, and diverse immigrants – Italians, French, Portuguese, Romanians, and Greeks, among others- has resulted in traditions that integrate this diversity with Amerindian and African elements. Uruguay has centuries-old remains and fortresses of the colonial era. Its cities have a rich architectural heritage and an impressive number of writers, artists, and musicians. Candombe is the most important example of African influence by slaves. Charrua and Guaraní traditions can be seen in mate, the national drink. Both Uruguay and Argentina share its traditional gaúcho roots (which originated in Andalusia). Uruguayan idiosyncrasy is said to be of welcoming and warm people, outspoken and hardworking. They place high value on education, family and friends.[37]{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2018}} Music and dance{{main|Music of Uruguay|Uruguayan Invasion|Uruguayan rock|Uruguayan Tango}}Music of Uruguay includes a number of local musical forms. The most distinctive ones are tango, murga, a form of musical theater, and candombe, an Afro-Uruguayan type of music which occur yearly during the Carnival period. There is also milonga, a folk guitar and song form deriving from Spanish traditions and related to similar forms found in many Hispanic-American countries. The famed tango singer Carlos Gardel was born in Toulouse, France, then raised in Buenos Aires, but as an adult he obtained legal papers saying he was born in Tacuarembó, probably to avoid French military authorities.[38][39][40][41] The popular music of Uruguay, which focuses on rock, jazz, and many other forms, frequently makes reference to the distinctly Uruguayan sounds mentioned above. The group Los Shakers, which was a rendition of The Beatles Emigration{{main|Emigration from Uruguay}}The rate of Uruguayan emigration to Europe is especially high in Spain, Italy, France, and Portugal. In the Americas, emigration is mostly to the United States, Canada, Argentina, and other nearby Latin American countries such as Brazil and Chile. In Oceania, emigration is mainly to Australia, and to a lesser extent, New Zealand. See also{{Portal|Uruguay}}
References1. ^Resultados del Censo de Población 2011: población, crecimiento y estructura por sexo y edad {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209083630/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/analisispais.pdf |date=9 February 2014 }} ine.gub.uy {{Uruguay topics}}{{Ethnic groups in Uruguay}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Uruguayan People}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/aquisecuenta/Aqui12.pdf |title=Argentina 2001 Census|website=Indec.gov.ar |format=PDF |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/03/05/statistical-portrait-of-hispanics-in-the-united-states-2007/2007-portrait-of-hispanics-05/|title=Table 5. Detailed Hispanic Origin: 2007|date=15 August 2011|website=Pewhispanic.org|accessdate=14 January 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elobservador.com.uy/de-cuatro-seis-uruguayos-son-rechazados-espana-cada-mes-n302964|title=De cuatro a seis uruguayos son rechazados en España cada mes|website=Elobservador.com.uy|accessdate=14 January 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/download?format=xls&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Country |title=2006 Australian Census|website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au|accessdate=10 November 2011}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/uruguay/presentation-de-l-uruguay/|title=Présentation de l'Uruguay|website=France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables|publisher=statcan.gc.ca}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Radiografia al empleo inmigrante, ¿cual es su impacto en el mercado laboral?, 2016 - CONAPO|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/Economia/2016/08/30/819453/Radiografia-al-empleo-inmigrante-en-Chile-Comercio-y-trabajo-en-los-hogares-lideran-los-puestos.html}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2008/10/29/uruguay-s-diaspora-700-000-approx-21-1-of-total-population |title=Uruguay's diaspora 700,000, approx. 21.1% of total population |author=MercoPress |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=29 August 2014}} 10. ^The Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program / Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos (PROLADES) PROLADES Religion in America by country 11. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/constituciones/pais.formato?pais=Uruguay&indice=datos |title= Constituciones hispanoamericanas - Constituciones - Uruguay - Datos estadísticos |trans-title= Hispano-American Constitutions - Constitutions - Uruguay - Statistical data |language= es |publisher= Cervantesvirtual.com |accessdate= 26 June 2010 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080212063809/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/constituciones/pais.formato?pais=Uruguay&indice=datos |archivedate= 12 February 2008 |df= dmy-all }} 12. ^Wojciech Tyciński, Krzysztof Sawicki, Departament Współpracy z Polonią MSZ (Warsaw, 2009). "Raport o sytuacji Polonii i Polaków za granicą (The official report on the situation of Poles and Polonia abroad)" (PDF file, direct download 1.44 MB). Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland). pp. 1–466. Retrieved 14 June 2013 (Internet Archive). 13. ^{{cite book|last=Tanaka|first=Naoki|date=1990|script-title=ja:南米ウルグアイ東方共和国日本人移住史年表|language=Japanese|trans-title=Nanbei Uruguay Tōhō Kyōwakoku Nihon-jin Ijūshi Nenpyō / Chronological history of Japanese Immigration in South America's Eastern Republic of Uruguay|oclc=673507909}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Pijao.pdf|title=Pijao Fabre, Alain (2005): Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos.|website=Ling.fi|accessdate=14 January 2018}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Atlas Sociodemografico y de la Desigualdad en Uruguay , 2011: Ancestry |language=Spanish |format=PDF |publisher=National Institute of Statistics |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908162439/http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2014}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Uruguay.html|title=Culture of Uruguay - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family|website=Everyculture.com|accessdate=14 January 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/462619-en-uruguay-hay-115118-descendientes-de-indigenas|title=Dra. Sinthia Pagano. Un Estudio Detectó 38% de Sangre Aborigen en la Población Uruguaya - En Uruguay hay 115.118 descendientes de indígenas|first=Santiago Katriel|last=Da Silva Villarrubia|work=Mario Delgado Gérez|publisher=LaRed21 Comunidad|date=14 July 2011|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/469146-censo-afrodescendientes-e-indigenas-hacen-campana|title=Censo 2011. Organizaciones Sociales Llaman a Decir "Sí" Para Reconocer sus Etnias - Censo: afrodescendientes e indígenas hacen campaña|first=Santiago Katriel|last=Da Silva Villarrubia|work=Matías Rotulo|publisher=LaRed21 Comunidad|date=27 August 2011|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.afrolatinos.tv/index.php?root.display/270/Uruguay#lang2pag1 |title=Afrolatinos.tv Uruguay |website=Afrolatinos.tv |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127010152/http://www.afrolatinos.tv/index.php?root.display%2F270%2FUruguay#lang2pag1 |archive-date=27 January 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://historico.elpais.com.uy/110828/pciuda-589557/ciudades/afros-e-indigenas-procuran-que-el-censo-haga-visibles-sus-realidades/|title=Afros e indígenas procuran que el censo "haga visibles" sus realidades|last=Da Silva Villarrubia|first=Santiago Katriel|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gub.uy|title=Inicio - Instituto Nacional de Estadística|website=Ine.gub.uy|accessdate=14 January 2018}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ortodoxia.com/contenido/arquidiocesis/arquidiocesis_es.php |title=Arquidiócesis Ortodoxa Griega de Buenos Aires y Sudamérica |publisher=Ortodoxia.com |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imu.org.uy/ |title=Iglesia Metodista en el Uruguay |publisher=Imu.org.uy |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inasud.org/index.php?idioma=2 |title=Iglesia Nueva Apostólica – Sud América |publisher=Inasud.org |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://anglicanuruguay.blogspot.com/ |title=Iglesia Anglicana del Uruguay |publisher=Anglicanuruguay.blogspot.com |date=26 May 2009 |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iglesiaevangelica.org/ |title=Iglesia Evangélica del Río de la Plata |publisher=Iglesiaevangelica.org |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921022428/http://www.iglesiaevangelica.org/ |archive-date=21 September 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iglesiavaldense.org/ |title=Iglesia Evangélica Valdense – Inicio |publisher=Iglesiavaldense.org |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ielu.org/ |title=Luterana Unida – Inicio |publisher=Ielu.org |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://iglesiaadventista.org.uy/historia.html |title=Unión Adventista Uruguaya |publisher=Iglesiaadventista.org.uy |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113091254/http://iglesiaadventista.org.uy/historia.html |archive-date=13 January 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.paredesufrir.com.uy/ |title=Hoguera Santa – Monte Sinai |publisher=Paredesufrir.com.uy |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725023154/http://www.paredesufrir.com.uy/ |archive-date=25 July 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 31. ^{{cite web|author=La Voz de la Liberación |url=http://ipda.org.uy/ |title=:::: Iglesia Dios es Amor – Uruguay:::: |publisher=Ipda.org.uy |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 32. ^ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726185300/http://www.ipuruguay.org/ |date=26 July 2011 }} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lasasambleasdedios.org/ |title=Bienvenidos |publisher=Lasasambleasdedios.org |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 34. ^{{cite web |author=1/0 Technology Corp. – Paul R. Williams, John BUDDAY Running |url=http://www.agbu.org/publications/article.asp?A_ID=533 |title=Armenian General Benevolent Union – Publications |publisher=Agbu.org |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116205137/http://agbu.org/publications/article.asp?A_ID=533 |archive-date=16 November 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 35. ^{{cite web |author=Natalia Barrios Guida – T.: (5982) 509 1277 / 099 247423 |url=http://www.armenia.com.uy/comunidad/instituciones.htm |title=Bienvenidos al Portal de los Armenios en Sudamérica |publisher=Armenia.com.uy |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008210157/http://www.armenia.com.uy/comunidad/instituciones.htm |archive-date=8 October 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lasociedadcivil.org/softis/directorio/1/91/ |title=La Sociedad Civil en línea |publisher=Lasociedadcivil.org |accessdate=10 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321015511/http://www.lasociedadcivil.org/softis/directorio/1/91/ |archive-date=21 March 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/How-would-you-characterise-the-Uruguayans|title=How would you characterise the Uruguayans? - Uruguay|website=Quora.com|accessdate=14 January 2018}} 38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1509532-fin-del-misterio-muestran-la-partida-de-nacimiento-de-gardel|title=Fin del misterio: muestran la partida de nacimiento de Gardel|trans-title=End of the mystery: they show Gardel's birth certificate|language=Spanish|author=Verónica Dema|date=20 September 2012|work=|publisher=La Nación|accessdate=3 October 2012}} 39. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNIOichSZasC&pg=PA5 |page=5 |title=The Life, Music, and Times of Carlos Gardel |first=Simon |last=Collier |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=1986 |isbn=0822984989}} 40. ^{{cite book |first1=Julián |last1=Barsky |first2=Osvaldo |last2=Barsky |title=Gardel: La biografía |publisher=Taurus |year=2004 |isbn=9870400132 |language=Spanish}} 41. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVfIus_mXzAC&pg=PA31 |page=31 |title=La sonrisa de Gardel: Biografía, mito y ficción |first=Jorge |last=Ruffinelli |authorlink=Jorge Ruffinelli |publisher=Ediciones Trilce |year=2004 |isbn=9974323568 |language=Spanish}} 4 : Uruguayan people|Demographics of Uruguay|South American people by nationality|Ethnic groups in Uruguay |
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