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词条 U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
释义

  1. Additional notes

  2. References

The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. This history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the

repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the passing into law of 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

State Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919) 		Post-Prohibition
(after 1933) 		1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971) 		1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984 		21st century
AlabamaPre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6]		 21 1975:
Lowered to 19[7] 		1986:
Raised to 21[8] 		21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
Alaska? 21[7] 1970:
Lowered to 19[9] 		1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]		 21
Arizona? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 19[12] 		1985:
Raised to 21[8] 		21
ArkansasPre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7]		 21 21[13] 21[8] 21
CaliforniaPre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[14][15][16]
1891:
18 (statewide)[17]		 1933:
21[7] 		21 21[8] 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
ColoradoNone[11] 1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7] 		18[18] Raised to 21 in 1987[8] 21
Connecticut? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[19]		 1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[20] 		21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[21]
Delaware? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 20 		1984:
Raised to 21[8] 		21
District of Columbia? 18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[22][23] 		18: for beer and wine[23]
21: for liquor 		1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[24][25] 		21
Florida? 18[7] 1980:
19[26] 		1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[26] 		21[27]
Georgia? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[12] 		1984:
Raised to 19[13]
1985:
Raised to 20[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[13] 		21
Hawaii? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 		1986:
Raised to 21[8] 		21
Idaho? 20: for beer[28][29]
21: for wine and liquor[11][30] 		1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[31] 		1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][32] 		21
Illinois1872:
Age of majority
(none without written consent of parent)[33]		 pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21[34] 1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[35] 		1980:
Raised to 21[36] 		21
Indiana? Post-1934:
21[7] 		21[13] 21[8] 21
Iowa? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[37] 		1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[13][37] 		21
Kansas? 1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7] 		18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[13]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[13]
21: for liquor[13][18] 		1985:
Raised to 21[8] 		21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
Kentucky? 1938:
21[7] 		21[13] 21[8] 21
Louisiana? As of 1948:
18 		18[18] 1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[38]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[39]
Other exceptions still remain.[40] 		21 (Exceptions to state law include:[41]


For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)

Maine? 21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20 		1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][42] 		1985:
Raised to 21[8] 		21
Maryland? 21[7] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[43][44] 		1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30, 1964 or earlier[45][8][46] 		21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
Massachusetts? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49] 		Raised to 21 in 1985[8] 21
Michigan? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50] 		1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 		21
Minnesota? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering.		1986:
Raised to 21[54]		 21
Mississippi? 1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966) 		18[18] Raised to 21 in 1986[8] 21
Missouri? 1945:
21[7] 		21 21[8] 21
Montana? 21[11] 1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19 		1987:
Raised to 21[8][58] 		21
Nebraska? 21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20 		1972:
Lowered to 19[59] 		1980:
Raised to 20[13]
1985:
Raised to 21[13] 		21
Nevada? 1933:
21[7] 		21 21[8] 21
New Hampshire? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20 		1985:
Raised to 21[8][20] 		21
New JerseyBefore 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]		date=September 2013}} 1973:
Lowered to 18[12] 		1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64] 		21
New Mexico? 1934:
21[7] 		21[13] 21[8] 21
New York21 18[65] 18 1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[20][66][67] 		21
North Carolina? 18[11] 18: for beer and wine[18]
21: for liquor 		1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25] 		21
North Dakota? 1936:
21[7] 		21[13] 21[68] 21
Ohio? 1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69] 		18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor 		1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[13]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[13]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[13] 		21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
Oklahoma? Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71] 		1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]
Last state to lower the drinking age. 		1983:
Raised to 21[11][73] 		21
Oregon? 1933:
21[7] 		21 21[8] 21
Pennsylvania? 1935:
21[7] 		21 21[8][52] 21
Rhode Island? 21[11] 1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74]		 1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[20] 		21
South Carolina21[75] 1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7] 		18: for beer and wine[18]
21: for liquor 		1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 		21
South Dakota? 1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76] 		1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor 		1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58] 		21
TennesseePre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77]		 21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7] 		1979:
Raised to 19 		1984:
Raised to 21[8] 		21
TexasPre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79]		 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 18[80] 		1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25] 		21
Utah? 1935:
21[7] 		21[13] 21[8] 21
Vermont? 21[7] 1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83] 		1986:
Raised to 21[20][83] 		21
Virginia? 21[84] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84]		 1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84] 		21
WashingtonAge of majority
since 1877[85]		date=September 2013}} 21 21[8] 21
West Virginia? 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11] 		1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86] 		1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 		21
Wisconsin1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87]		 18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88] 		1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88]		 1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88] 		date=March 2015}}
Wyoming? 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 19 		1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 		21
American Samoa? ? ? 21? 21[91]
Northern Mariana Islands– – ? 21? 21[92]
Puerto Rico? 18 18 Kept at 18
despite highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act. 		18[93]
Virgin Islands? ? ? 18 18[94]
Guam? 21? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010[5]

Additional notes

  • Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[40]
  • In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[22][23] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[38] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[38] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[39] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[40] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
  • Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://report.nih.gov/nihfactsheets/viewfactsheet.aspx?csid=21 |title=NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking |website=Report.nih.gov |date=2013-03-29 |accessdate=2016-09-10}}
2. ^{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Hunter |url=http://history128.web.unc.edu/2015/04/06/lowered-drinking-age-of-the-1970s/ |title=Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970’s | history 128 blog |website=History128.web.unc.edu |date= |accessdate=2016-09-10}}
3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Toomey |first1=Traci L. |last2=Nelson |first2=Toben F. |last3=Lenk |first3=Kathleen M. |title=The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past and current debates |journal=Addiction |volume=104 |issue=12 |pages=1958–65 |year=2009 |pmid=19922564 |doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x }}
4. ^{{cite news|last=Keen |first=Judy |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-20-drinkingage_N.htm |title=States weigh lowering drinking age |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2009-09-06}}
5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_30th/P.L.%2030-156%20-%20Bill%20No.%20389-30%20(COR).pdf|title=Ramon Someros Oberiano Act|last=|first=|date=8 July 2010|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://bplonline.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/BrmnghmNP01/id/975/rec/5 |title=Birmingham Iron Age: § 4205 Code of Alabama |author= |date=1881 |language=en |website=bplonline.cdmhost.com |page= |publisher=Birmingham Public Library |access-date=October 31, 2015}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 {{cite web|url=http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33388/33388.pdf |title=A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age |publisher=ntl.bts.gov |date=April 1987 |accessdate=2014-11-17}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 {{cite web|url=http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/FewerYoungDrivers/appendix.htm |title=MLDA21 Law Effective Data-NHTSA |publisher=Nhtsa.dot.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-09-06}}
9. ^{{Cite journal|ssrn=304765 |title=The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality, McCornac, 1982 |publisher=Papers.ssrn.com |date=2004-07-07 }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://petersburg.advantage-preservation.com/Viewer/?pep=drinking-age&fn=petersburg_pilot_usa_alaska_petersburg_19831019_english_12&page=2&serppageno=1 |title=Petersburg Pilot, Petersburg, Alaska: NEW DRINKING AGE |author= |date=October 19, 1983 |language=en |website= |page= |publisher=Petersburg Public Library |access-date=November 1, 2015}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite journal | last =Miron | first =Jeffrey A. |first2=Elina |last2=Tetelbaum |year=2009 |title=Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives? |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=317–336 |doi=10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4319664/Miron_MinDrinkAgeLives.pdf?sequence=2 }}
12. ^1 2 3 4 New York Times, December 4, 1972, "State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1" (NYT online archive)
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS, 1990
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18880331.2.67&srpos=168&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--161-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 14092: SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS |author= |date=1888 |language=en |website=cdnc.ucr.edu |page= |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 31, 2015}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18870524.2.25&srpos=144&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--141-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 13780: Selling Liquor to Minors. |author= |date=1887 |language=en |website=cdnc.ucr.edu |page= |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 31, 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18841127.2.28&srpos=93&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--81-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=Daily Alta California, Volume 37, Number 12646: THE NEXT GRAND JURY. |author= |date=1884 |language=en |website=cdnc.ucr.edu |page= |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 31, 2015}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18910425.2.71&srpos=286&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--281-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=San Francisco Call, Volume 69, Number 144: NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS. |author= |date=1891 |language=en |website=cdnc.ucr.edu |page= |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 31, 2015}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|jstor=2677739|title=Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR}}
19. ^OLR Research Report-Lowering the Drinking Age, 2009. Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
20. ^1 2 3 4 U.S. Department of Transportation final report (DOT HS 809 348) "Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol-Impaired Drivers," section III.B., "What happened: regional & state experience."
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_545.htm#sec_30-89 |title=Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act |website=Cga.ct.gov |date= |accessdate=2016-09-10}}
22. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ahgvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mGUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6434%2C6748575 |newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |agency=UPI |title=D.C. debate continuing on alcohol |date=September 29, 1966 |page=10C }}
23. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19710121&id=m-8gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vnMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5434,3043466 |newspaper=The Day |location=New London, CT |title=Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 |date=January 22, 1971 |page=9 }}
24. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19860924&id=4cIxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=teUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4495,5262871 |newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World |agency=Associated Press |title=D.C. to get new drinking age |date=September 24, 1986 |page=22 }}
25. ^1 2 {{cite news |work=New York Times |date=September 1, 1986 |title=Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/01/us/around-the-nation-texas-and-north-carolina-raise-drinking-age-to-21.html }}
26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1985-06-30/news/8501260348_1_drinking-age-drinking-laws-alcoholic-beverages|title=For Some, New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow |publisher=sun-sentinel.com |date=June 30, 1985 |accessdate=2015-05-28}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alcohollaws.org/floridaalcohollaws.html |title=Florida Alcohol Laws |website=Alcohollaws.org |date= |accessdate=2016-09-10}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B9ovAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LO0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4452,1019951 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review|title=Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho|agency=Associated Press|date=March 18, 1972 |page=1}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BGdTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uoUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6891%2C6278621 |newspaper=Deseret News | agency=UPI |title=Idaho gears for younger drinkers |date=June 26, 1972 |page=8C }}
30. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-bdeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hzAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5146%2C3491024|newspaper=Lewiston (ID) Morning Tribune|title=Idaho's legislature: Young jurors|date=January 18, 1972|page=3}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YNJRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0zIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5947%2C6709340|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=Taverns await new customers: age drops to 19|date=June 30, 1972|page=20}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g4NOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y_oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5578%2C1921668 |newspaper=Spokane Chronicle |title=Idaho drinking: new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing |date=April 10, 1987|page=3}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022673/1872-03-15/ed-1/seq-4/#sort=date&index=4&rows=20&words=liquors+minors&sequence=0&proxtext=liquor+minor&y=18&x=12&dateFilterType=range&page=1 |title=The new Northwest. (Portland, Or.) 1871-1887, March 15, 1872, Image 4: The Illinois Temperance Law. |author= |date= |language=en |website=oregonnews.uoregon.edu |page= |publisher=University of Oregon Libraries |access-date=November 1, 2015}}
34. ^Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1961, "Girl, 19, sues for right to have a drink" (ProQuest archive)
35. ^Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1973, "Beer at 19 Signed by Walker." (ProQuest archive)
36. ^"History of DUI Laws In Illinois", Illinois Secretary of State website
37. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.iowaabd.com/about_office/historical_highlights/historical_highlights.jsp|title=State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division, Historical Highlights|website=iowaabd.com}}
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40. ^1 2   Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1, 2010, Alcohol Policy Information System
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49. ^{{cite journal|journal= American Journal of Public Health|volume= 73 |pages=163–170|title=Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20|pmc=1650505|issue= 2|doi= 10.2105/AJPH.73.2.163|pmid= 6849474|year= 1983|last1= Hingson|first1= RW|last2= Scotch|first2= N|last3= Mangione|first3= T|last4= Meyers|first4= A|last5= Glantz|first5= L|last6= Heeren|first6= T|last7= Lin|first7= N|last8= Mucatel|first8= M|last9= Pierce|first9= G }}
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53. ^Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues, Legal Age in Minnesota, 2009. Leg.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
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56. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zPJLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ce0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7244%2C3308488 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |agency=Associated Press |title=Drinking age opposed |date=October 23, 1975 |page=14 }}
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65. ^{{cite news |work=New York Times |date=May 28, 1984 |title=Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 |first1=Josh |last1=Barbanel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/28/nyregion/issue-and-debate-raising-new-york-drinking-age-to-21.html }}
66. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/11/nyregion/the-region-drinking-age-of-21-gains-in-jersey.html?scp=9&sq=New%20York%20drinking%20age&st=cse|title=Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey|work=New York Times|date=June 11, 1982|quote="New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4.|accessdate=2010-01-30}}
67. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/19/nyregion/new-york-raising-its-drinking-age-to-21-in-december.html|title=New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December|work=New York Times|date=June 19, 1985|quote="The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1."|accessdate=2012-08-20}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/T05C01.pdf|title=North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5-01-08|website=nd.gov}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=http://dks.library.kent.edu/cgi-bin/kentstate?a=d&d=dks19681017-01.2.9&srpos=30&e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-drinking+age------# |title=Daily Kent Stater, Volume LIV, Number 15: 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate |author= |date=October 17, 1968 |language=en |website=dks.library.kent.edu |page= |publisher=Kent State University |access-date=October 31, 2015}}
70. ^{{cite web |url=http://dks.library.kent.edu/cgi-bin/kentstate?a=d&d=dks19820823-01.2.4&srpos=74&e=-------en-20--61-byDA-txt-txIN-drinking+age------# |title=Daily Kent Stater, Volume III, Number 15: New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners |author=RAY SWENSON (Staff Writer) |date=August 23, 1982 |language=en |website=dks.library.kent.edu |page= |publisher=Kent State University |access-date=October 31, 2015}}
71. ^Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976)
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73. ^Daily Collegian, February 9, 1984, "Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive  )
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76. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_260/argument/ |title=South Dakota v. Dole |publisher=Oyez.org |date= |accessdate=2009-09-06}}
77. ^{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95068565/1881-04-27/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Law+Liquor+Minor&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=8&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=liquor+minor+law&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2 |title=The home journal., April 27, 1881, Image 2: The Minor Liquor Law. |author= |date=April 27, 1881 |language=en |website=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |page= |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=October 31, 2015}}
78. ^{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86099906/1909-04-23/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=liquor+minor&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=12&state=Texas&date2=1922&proxtext=liquor+minors&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=8 |title=The Brownsville daily herald., April 23, 1909, Image 4 |author= |date= |language=en |website=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |page= |publisher=The Library of Congress |access-date=February 12, 2016}}
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83. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.vt.us/HealthCare/VERMONTHEALTHDATABASE6.pdf |title=Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-09-06}}
84. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.abc.state.va.us/facts/legalage.html |title=History of the Legal Drinking Age |publisher=Abc.state.va.us |date=1966-07-01 |accessdate=2009-09-06}}
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86. ^Legal Age Cut to 18, New York Times, June 10, 1972
87. ^Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528095420/http://www.legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb/pubs/wb/95wb3.pdf "The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin"]
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89. ^{{cite news |work=New York Times |date=March 12, 1988 |title=State Raises Drinking Age |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/12/us/state-raises-drinking-age.html }}
90. ^{{cite news |work=New York Times, March 10, 1987 |title=Drinking age is fiery issue in West |first=Thomas J. |last1=Knudson |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/10/us/drinking-age-is-fiery-issue-in-west.html }}
91. ^Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer's. Frommers.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
92. ^Marianas Visitors Authority-Trip Essentials. Mymarianas.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
93. ^Vieques Travel Guide. Vieques Travel Guide. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
94. ^Virgin Islands Vacation Tips. Virginislandsmap.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law: https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx

1 : Alcohol law in the United States
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