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词条 US-KMO
释义

  1. Technical information

  2. Naming

  3. Satellites

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = US-KMO
| manufacturer = NPO Lavochkin
| country = {{USSR}}
{{RUS}}
| bus = GRAU: 71Kh6
| applications = Early warning/Missile defence
| orbits = Geosynchronous
| operator = VKS (1991–2011)
VKO (2011—)
| lifetime = 5-7 years [1]
| derivedfrom = US-KS
| status = Out of production
| launched = 8
| operational = 1
| retired = 4
| failed = 3
| lost = 0
| first = Kosmos 2133
14 February 1991
| last = Kosmos 2479
30 March 2012
| mass = 2600
}}

US-KMO ({{lang-ru|УС-КМО}}), [1] is a series of Russian, previously Soviet, satellites which are used to identify ballistic missile launches. They provide early warning of missile attack and give information for the Moscow A-135 anti-ballistic missile system. They were run by the Russian Space Forces and its successor the Aerospace Defence Forces.

These satellites are part of the Oko programme and are in geosynchronous orbit 35,750 km above the Earth's equator. This means that they are always in the same place with the same field of view. Western locations give Russia coverage of missile launches in the United States whereas more eastern ones give coverage of China and the Middle East.[3] They complement ground-based early warning radars and the US-K satellites which are in molniya orbits.

The first prototype satellite was launched on 8 October 1975, atop a Proton-K/DM-2 carrier rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome. The most recent, and last of the series, was launched on 30 March 2012.[4] As of December 2015, the entire Oko programme is being replaced by the new EKS system.[2][6][7]

Technical information

US-KMO satellites were built by NPO Lavochkin. They feature a 1-metre diameter infrared telescope with a 4.5 metre hood which identifies missiles by their exhausts.[1] They have an operational life of 5 to 7 years, although actual performance has been variable.

The satellites have the GRAU index 71Kh6.

The Oko western control centre is at Serpukhov-15, Moscow Oblast [9] although Podvig notes [10] that satellites in the 3 eastern-most positions would be out of range of this centre, and would be controlled by the eastern control centre at Pivan-1, Khabarovsk Krai.[11]

Naming

{{Location map many
| Earth
| caption = Location of the seven satellite positions above the equator
| alt = Map showing the location of the seven satellite positions
| label1 = 24°W
| position1 = top
| background1 = #FFFFDD
| lat1_deg = 0
| lon1_deg = -24
| label2 = 12°E
| position2 = bottom
| background2 = #FFFFDD
| lat2_deg = 0
| lon2_deg = 12
| label3 = 35°E
| position3 = top
| background3 = #FFFFDD
| lat3_deg = 0
| lon3_deg = 35
| label4 = 80°E
| position4 = bottom
| background4 = #FFFFDD
| lat4_deg = 0
| lon4_deg = 80
| label5 = 130°E
| position5 = top
| background5 = #FFFFDD
| lat5_deg = 0
| lon5_deg = 130
| label6 = 166°E
| position6 = bottom
| background6 = #FFFFDD
| lat6_deg = 0
| lon6_deg = 166
| label7 = 159°W
| position7 = top
| background7 = #FFFFDD
| lat7_deg = 0
| lon7_deg = -159
}}

These satellites have been mistakenly described as Prognoz (unrelated to the earlier Prognoz SO-M programme)[10] as the positions they occupy are reserved with the ITU under the codename Prognoz.[10][14]

Location Name [10] Longitude [10] Control Centre [10] Satellites [10]
Prognoz-1 24°W Serpukhov-15 Kosmos 2379 Kosmos 2282 Kosmos 2224 Kosmos 2133
Prognoz-2 12°E Serpukhov-15 Kosmos 2224 Kosmos 2133
Prognoz-3 35°E Serpukhov-15 Kosmos 2133
Prognoz-4 80°E Serpukhov-15 Kosmos 2379 Kosmos 2350 Kosmos 2133 Kosmos 2440 Kosmos 2479
Prognoz-5 130°E Pivan-1?
Prognoz-6 166°E Pivan-1?
Prognoz-7 159°W Pivan-1?

Satellites

Satellite COSPAR ID SATCAT No. Product Number[1] Launch Date date=April 2012 Estimated Operational Life
Kosmos 2133 1991-010A}} 21111 7120 14 February 1991 9 November 1995 [10]4 years 9 months
Kosmos 2224 1992-088A}} 22269 7121 17 December 1992 17 June 1999 [10]6 years 6 months
Kosmos 2282 1994-038A}} 23168 7123 6 July 1994 29 December 1995 [10]1 year 5 months
Kosmos 2350 1998-025A}} 25315 7122 29 April 1998 29 June 1998 [10]2 months
Kosmos 2379 2001-037A}} 26892 7124 24 August 2001 late 2009/early 2010 [3]8 years
Kosmos 2397 2003-015A}} 27775 7126 24 April 2003 June 2003 [25]2 months
Kosmos 2440 2008-033A}} 33108 7127 26 June 2008 February 2010 [26]1 year 4 months
Kosmos 2479 2012-012A}} 38101 30 March 2012

See also

  • US-KS
  • US-K
  • Defense Support Program, a similar United States system
  • EKS, the new system replacing the entire Oko programme.

Notes

1. ^an abbreviation for Upravlyaemy Sputnik - Kontinenty Morya Okeany ({{lang-ru|Управляемый Спутник - Континенты Моря Океаны}}) meaning Controllable Satellite - Continents, Oceans, Seas
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/11/soyuz-2-1b-eks-1-russian-early-warning-system/|title=Soyuz 2-1B launches EKS-1 to upgrade Russian Early Warning System|accessdate=2015-12-17}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2012/03/cosmos-2479_-_the_last_geostat.shtml|title=Cosmos-2479 - new geostationary early warning satellite|journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|publisher=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|first=Podvig|last=Pavel|date=2012-03-30|accessdate=2012-04-17}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/us-kmo.htm|title=US-KMO (71Kh6)|first=Gunther Dirk|last=Krebs|publisher=Gunther's Space Page|date=2012-03-30|accessdate=2012-04-19}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Cite journal |first = Pavel |last = Podvig |year = 2002 |title = History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System |journal = Science and Global Security |volume = 10 |pages = 21–60 |issn = 0892-9882 |doi = 10.1080/08929880212328 |url = http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20734/Podvig-S&GS.pdf |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024323/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20734/Podvig-S%26GS.pdf |archivedate = 2012-03-15 |df = |citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.6127 }}
6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://arkos.kharkov.ua/sutkm_e.php|title=Hartron-Arkos:Control Systems for Space and Ground Applications|publisher=Hartron-Arkos|date=n.d.|accessdate=2012-04-21|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308055104/http://arkos.kharkov.ua/sutkm_e.php|archivedate=2012-03-08|df=}}
7. ^1 2 {{cite journal|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2010/04/early_warning_system_is_down_t.shtml|title=Early warning system is down to three satellites|journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|publisher=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|first=Podvig|last=Pavel|date=2010-04-28|accessdate=2012-04-19}}
8. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2003/11/problems_with_russian_military.shtml|title=Problems with Russian military satellites|journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|publisher=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|first=Podvig|last=Pavel|date=2003-11-28|accessdate=2012-04-19}}
9. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2010/09/only_two_satellites_left_in_ru.shtml|title=Only two satellites left in Russia's early-warning system|journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|publisher=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|first=Podvig|last=Pavel|date=2012-09-02|accessdate=2012-04-19}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/03/russian-proton-k-rocket-launch-us-kmo/|title=Russian Proton-K completes 45 years of service with US-KMO satellite launch|publisher=NASA Spaceflight|date=2012-03-29|accessdate=2012-04-17|last=Graham|first=William}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#012|title=2012-012|first=Robert|last=Christy|publisher=Zarya|date=n.d.|accessdate=2012-04-17}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/radar/916ortu.htm| title = 916th independent Radio-Technical Unit| accessdate = 2012-04-22| first = Michael| last = Holm| year = 2011| publisher = Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991}}
13. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/radar/1127ortu.htm| title = 1127th independent Radio-Technical Unit| accessdate = 2012-04-22| first = Michael| last = Holm| year = 2011| publisher = Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991}}

References

[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]{{Oko}}{{DEFAULTSORT:US-KMO}}

3 : Oko|Military satellites|Military satellites of Russia
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