| 词条 | Mutulu Shakur |
| 释义 |
| name = Mutulu Shakur | image = Mutulu Shakur.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Jeral Wayne Williams | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|8|8}} | birth_place = Baltimore, Maryland, United States | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Acupuncturist | module = {{Infobox FBI Ten Most Wanted | child=yes | added_date = July 23, 1982 | caught_date = February 12, 1986 | remove_date = | number = 380 | status = Caught}} |conviction=Violation of the federal RICO Act, participation in a racketeering enterprise, two counts of bank robbery, two counts of armed bank robbery and two counts of murder during the commission of a robbery |residence=United States Penitentiary, Victorville, Adelanto, California, United States |criminal_penalty=720 months (60 years) of federal incarceration (with the possibility of parole) |conviction_status=Incarcerated }} Mutulu Shakur (born Jeral Wayne Williams; August 8, 1950) is an American activist and former member of the Black Liberation Army, sentenced to sixty years in prison for his involvement in a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which a guard and two police officers were killed. Shakur was politically active as a teen with the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) and later the black separatist movement the Republic of New Afrika. He was stepfather to the late rap artist Tupac Shakur.[1] Personal life{{BLP sources|date=September 2018}}Shakur was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on August 8, 1950, as Jeral Wayne Williams. At age seven he moved to Jamaica, Queens, New York City with his mother and younger sister.[2] By his late teens, he was politically active with the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) and later joined the Republic of New Afrika. He has four biological children and one surviving stepchild.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} In 1970, Shakur started working with the Lincoln Detox (detoxification) Community (addiction treatment) Program, which offered drug treatment to addicts using acupuncture vs the FDA approved drug methadone. He became certified and licensed to practice acupuncture in the State of California in 1976. Eventually he became the program’s assistant director and remained associated with the program until 1978. He went on to help found and direct the Black Acupuncture Advisory Association of North America (BAAANA) and the Harlem Institute of Acupuncture. Since his incarceration, he founded a New York-based organization named Dare 2 Struggle that released a 10-year anniversary tribute album for Tupac Shakur called Dare 2 Struggle in 2006 through music industry veteran Morey Alexander's First Kut Records and Canadian activist Deejay Ra's Lyrical Knockout Entertainment. The album features artists such as Mopreme Shakur, Outlawz, and Imaan Faith. As Shakur explains it, the CD was created in order to motivate, inspire, and challenge black people to struggle against their obstacles. He also recorded a radio PSA for Deejay Ra's "Hip-Hop Literacy" campaign, encouraging reading of books about Tupac. Shakur was interviewed in the Oscar-nominated documentary Tupac: Resurrection, in which he described how he wrote a "Thug Life Handbook" with Tupac, expressing an anti-drug and anti-violence message. Arrest and incarcerationShakur was one of six Black Liberation Army members to carry out the 1981 robbery of an armored car. They stole $1.6 million in cash from a Brink's armored car at the Nanuet Mall, in Nanuet, New York, killing a Brink's guard, Peter Paige, seriously wounding another Brinks guard Joseph Trombino, and subsequently killing two Nyack police officers, Edward O'Grady and Waverly Brown (the first black member of the Nyack, New York, police department).[3] Trombino recovered from the wounds he received in this incident but was killed in 2001 in the September 11 attacks.[4] Shakur, the alleged ringleader of the group, evaded capture for six years and thus was the last one to go on trial on charges related to the robbery. In the 1980s, Shakur and Marilyn Buck were indicted on Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) charges. While at large, on July 23, 1982, he became the 380th person added by the FBI to the Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. He was arrested February 12, 1986, in California by the FBI. Shakur and Buck were tried in 1987 and convicted on May 11, 1988.[5] Although federal parole was abolished pursuant to the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, Shakur's convictions were exempt because the Act's provisions didn't take effect until 1987. Thus, under the rules in effect at the time of his conviction, he was due for a mandatory parole determination after serving thirty of his original sixty-year sentence, which came in 2016.[6] However, the United States Parole Commission denied his release for unspecified grounds on April 7, 2016. Shakur's next parole eligibility review will occur in 2018,[7] and according to the Bureau of Prison, his sentence will be completed December 15, 2024. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=Shakur&Middle=&FirstName=Mutulu&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=331&y=291|title=Federal Bureau of Prisons|publisher=Bop.gov|accessdate=2013-05-03}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/mutulu-shakur-507004|title=Mutulu Shakur|website=Biography|language=en-us|access-date=2018-03-05}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Batson|first1=Bill|title=Nyack Sketch Log: The Brink’s Robbery|url=http://www.nyacknewsandviews.com/2011/10/bb_brinksrobbery20111018/|website=NyackNewsandViews}} 4. ^{{cite news |title=Joseph Trombino: Close Calls Never Counted |publisher=New York Times |date=September 17, 2001 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/17/national/portraits/POGF-664-18TROMBINO.html}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEED61E3AF931A25756C0A96E948260|title=2 Ex-fugitives Convicted of Roles in Fatal Armored-Truck Robbery|author=Lubasch, Arnold H.|publisher=New York Times|date=May 12, 1988|accessdate=2008-10-10}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/28/2.53|title=28 CFR 2.53 - Mandatory parole.|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=2016-12-28}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/tupac-shakur-stepfather-mutulu-shakur-denied-parole-article-1.2610521|title=Tupac Shakur’s stepfather Mutulu Shakur denied parole|newspaper=NY Daily News|access-date=2016-12-28}} External links
13 : 1950 births|Living people|African-American people|American bank robbers|American criminals|American people convicted of murdering police officers|American prisoners and detainees|Black Liberation Army|People convicted of racketeering|People from Baltimore|Inmates of ADX Florence|Shakur family|African and Black nationalism in the United States |
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