| 词条 | Usos y costumbres |
| 释义 |
{{lang|es|Usos y costumbres}} ("customs and traditions"; literally, "uses and customs") is a legal term denoting indigenous customary law in Latin America. Since the era of Spanish colonialism, authorities have recognized local forms of rulership, self governance, and juridical practice, with varying degrees of acceptance and formality. The term is often used in English without translation. {{lang|es|Usos y costumbres}} political mechanisms are used by numerous indigenous peoples in Mexico, Guatemala, Bolivia, and other countries to govern water rights, in criminal and civil conflicts, to elect their representatives to regional and national bodies.Under Spanish colonial ruleSpanish colonial authorities in the Americas were ordered to investigate the traditions and customs of indigenous communities, and to apply these traditions to disputes among Indian subjects.[1] Scholar José Rabasa traces the term {{lang|es|usos y costumbres}} to the New Laws of 1542, which ordered traditional procedures be used in dealings with Indians rather than "ordinary" Spanish legal proceedings. The division of legal authority is associated with notion of a Republic of Indians ({{lang-es|República de Indios}}) subject to distinct legal norms under Spanish colonial rule.[2] According to Rabasa, this division "at once protects Indian communities from Spaniards, criollos, and mestizos, and alienates Indians in a separate republic, in a structure not unlike apartheid."[2] North AmericaMexicoIn Mexico, {{lang|es|usos y costumbres}} practices are widely used by indigenous communities and are officially recognized in the following Mexican states: Oaxaca (for 412 of 570 municipalities), Sonora, and Chiapas.[3] Central AmericaGuatemalaIn Guatemala, Maya communities have used a variety of community-oriented or informal mechanisms for conflict resolution. That is commonly referred to as Maya justice, or {{lang|es|usos y costumbres}}.[4] South AmericaBoliviaIn Bolivia, indigenous norms for self-governance, justice, and administration of territory are extensively recognized by the 2009 Constitution, which defines the country as plurinational. This recognition builds on earlier incorporation of indigenous customary law into the Bolivian legal system. In eight of the country's nine departments, minority indigenous peoples (and in La Paz, Afro-Bolivians) elect representatives to the Departmental Assembly through customary procedures.[5] Native Community Lands ({{lang-es|Tierras Comunitarias de Origen}}; TCOs), as recognized by the 1994 Constitutional reform, are indigenous territories whose governance is determined by {{lang|es|usos y costumbres}}.[6] {{as of|2011 |post=, }}, TCOs are being included under the Indigenous-Origin Campesino Autonomy regime. The eleven municipalities also under this regime may choose to use {{lang|es|usos y costumbres}} for their internal governance.[7] Indigenous water rights, governed by {{lang|es|usos y costumbres}}, were recognized by amendments to Bolivia's Law 2029 following the 2000 Cochabamba Water War.[8]ColombiaIn Colombia, the 1991 Constitution recognizes locally elected {{lang|es|cabildos}}, chosen by {{lang|es|usos y costumbres}}, as the governing authorities of indigenous reserves ({{lang|es|resguardos}}) and the validity of customary law in these territories.[9] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-2567-3 |last=Rabasa |first=José |title=Writing violence on the northern frontier: the historiography of sixteenth-century: New Mexico and Florida and the legacy of conquest |year=2000 |page=11}} 2. ^1 {{Cite book |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0-8229-6065-2 |last=Rabasa |first=José |title=Without History: Subaltern Studies, the Zapatista Insurgency, and the Specter of History |location=Pittsburgh, PA |date=2010-06-28 |page=104}} 3. ^{{Cite book |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82001-1 |last=Eisenstadt |first=Todd A. |title=Courting democracy in Mexico: party strategies and electoral institutions |year=2004 |page=220 }} 4. ^{{Cite book |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5383-8 |last=Godoy |first=Angelina Snodgrass |title=Popular injustice: violence, community, and law in Latin America |year=2006 |page=20}} 5. ^{{cite news |title=Elección de asambleístas indígenas avanza |url=http://www.ftierra.org/ft/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2309:rair&catid=98:noticias&Itemid=175 |accessdate=12 February 2011 |newspaper=La Razón |date=31 March 2010 }} 6. ^{{Cite book |publisher=Vicepresidencia del Estado Plurinacional |last=Albó |first=Xavier |author2=Carlos Romero |title=Autonomías Indígenas en la realidad boliviana y su nueva Constitución |location=La Paz |date=April 2009 | page=14 }} 7. ^"Las autonomías indígenas avanzan a paso lento per seguro, entre consensos e interrogantes" Diálogos en Democracia, 21 March 2010 (supplement to Pulso Bolivia). 8. ^{{Cite book |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-99871-7 |last=Sieder |first=Rachel |title=Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous rights, diversity, and democracy |year=2002 |page=265}} 9. ^{{Cite book |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-68378-4 |last=Goodale |first=Mark |author2=Sally Engle Merry |title=The practice of human rights: tracking law between the global and the local |date=2007-08-27 |page=213 }} 2 : Indigenous politics in the Americas|Spanish law |
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