“Myria-”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Myria- (symbol my) is a now obsolete decimal metric prefix denoting a factor of 10⁴ (ten thousand).^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] It originates from the Greek μύριοι (mýrioi) (myriad). The prefix was part of the original metric system adopted by France in 1795,^[7] but was not adopted when the SI prefixes were internationally adopted by the 11th CGPM conference in 1960.

Also, in 19th century English it was sometimes spelled myrio,^[9]^[10] in line with a puristic opinion by Thomas Young.^[2]^[3]^[8]

The myriametre (10 km) is occasionally encountered in 19th-century train tariffs, or in some classifications of wavelengths as the adjective myriametric. The French mesures usuelles (1812-1839) did not include any units of length greater than the toise, but the myriametre remained in use throughout this period.^[9] In Sweden and Norway, the myriametre is still common in everyday use. In these countries this unit is called mil. Of units customarily used in trade in France, the myriagramme (10 kg) was the metric replacement for an avoirdupois unit, the quartier (25 pounds). Isaac Asimov's novel Foundation and Empire still mentioned the myriaton in 1952.

The myria’s symbol of my ultimately led to its demise. In 1905 the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) assigned it the symbol M, wishing to use only single-letter symbols. This meant that myriameter, for example, was abbreviated Mm.^[10] But in the first part of the twentieth century, electrical engineers began to use capital M for the prefix mega-, as in megawatt and megohm. This usage became so widely and firmly adopted that in 1935 the CIPM adopted the prefix “mega-” with “M” as its symbol, dropping the myria- entirely.^[11] In 1975, the United States, having previously authorized use of the myriameter and myriagram in 1866, declared the terms no longer acceptable.^[12]^[13]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=H.R. 596, An Act to authorize the use of the metric system of weights and measures |author=29th Congress of the United States, Session 1 |date=1866-05-13 |url=http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act-bill.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVoZ7mDw?url=http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act-bill.html |archivedate=2013-05-10 |df= }}
2. ^¹{{cite book |title=The Edinburgh Encyclopædia |title-link=Edinburgh Encyclopædia |author-first=David |author-last=Brewster |author-link=David Brewster |volume=13 |date=1830 |location=Edinburgh, UK |publisher=William Blackwood, John Waugh, John Murray, Baldwin & Cradock, J. M. Richardson |page=494 |chapter=Measures |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6miHpDMjXEC |access-date=2015-10-09}}
3. ^¹{{cite book |title=The Edinburgh Encyclopædia |title-link=Edinburgh Encyclopædia |author-first=David |author-last=Brewster |author-link=David Brewster |volume=12 |edition=1st American |date=1832 |publisher=Joseph and Edward Parker |page=572 |chapter=Measures |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17RGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA572&lpg=PA572 |access-date=2015-10-09}}
4. ^{{cite book |title=Handbook of Chemistry |author-first1=Norbert Adolph |author-last1=Lange |author-first2=Gordon M. |author-last2=Forker |date=1956 |orig-year=1934 |edition=9 |publisher=Handbook Publishers, Inc. |location=Sandusky, Ohio, USA}}
5. ^{{cite book |title=Lange's Handbook of Chemistry |author-first=Norbert Adolph |author-last=Lange |editor-first=John Aurie |editor-last=Dean |date=1973 |orig-year=1934 |edition=11 |isbn=0-07-016190-9 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York, USA |pages=3–16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&hl=de&id=bXYRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2016-08-28 |quote=Prefixes for Naming Multiples and Submultiples of Units: […] The prefix "myria" is sometimes used for 10⁴ and "lakh" for 10⁵.}}
6. ^{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins |author-first=François |author-last=Cardarelli |date=2012 |orig-year=2003 |translator-first=M. J. |translator-last=Shields |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-0003-4 |edition=reworked |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Encyclopaedia_of_Scientific_Units_Weight.html?id=6KCx8Ww75VkC |access-date=2016-08-24}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=La Loi Du 18 Germinal An 3 - Décision de tracer le mètre, unité fondamentale, sur une règle de platine. Nomenclature des "mesures républicaines". Reprise de la triangulation. |url=http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/Pages/Sommaire/06.htm |language=French |publisher=histoire.du.metre.free.fr |access-date=2015-10-12}}
8. ^{{cite book |title=Polytechnisches Journal |author-first=Johann Gottfried |author-last=Dingler |volume=11 |date=1823 |publisher=J.W. Gotta'schen Buchhandlung |language=German |location=Stuttgart, Germany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wF3zAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA500&lpg=PA500 |access-date=2015-10-09}}
9. ^{{cite web |title=Königreich Frankreich |language=German |trans-title=Kingdom of France |work=Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 [Official units of measure in Europe 1842] |author-first=Wolfgang |author-last=Appell |date=2009-09-16 |orig-year=2002 |url=http://home.fonline.de/fo0126/geschichte/groessen/mas10.htm |access-date=2011-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005102232/http://home.fonline.de/fo0126/geschichte/groessen/mas10.htm |archive-date=2011-10-05 |postscript= (Website based on Alte Meß- und Währungssysteme aus dem deutschen Sprachgebiet, {{ISBN|3-7686-1036-5}}.)}}
10. ^{{cite book |title=Procès-Verbaux des Séances |author-first=Jean-René |author-last=Benoît |editor=Comité International des Poids et Mesures |publisher=Gauthier-Villars, imprimeur-libraire du Bureau des Longitudes, de l'École Polytechnique |location=Paris, France |language=French |volume=3 |edition=2 |date=1905 |chapter=Annex 1 |page=176 |url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CIPM-PV-scans/CIPM1905.pdf |access-date=2015-10-12}}
11. ^{{cite journal |title=Procès-Verbaux des Séances |author=Comité International des Poids et Mesures | authorlink=Comité International des Poids et Mesures |publisher=Gauthier-Villars, imprimeur-libraire du Bureau des Longitudes, de l'École Polytechnique |location=Paris, France |language=French |edition=2 |volume=17 |date=1935 |page=76}}
12. ^{{cite book |title=Metric System of Weights and Measures - Guidelines for Use |author-first=Richard W. |author-last=Roberts |publisher=Director of the National Bureau of Standards |location=USA | id=Federal Register FR Doc.75-15798 (1975-06-18) |date=1975-06-01 |quote=Accordingly, the following units and terms listed in the table of metric units in section 2 of the act of July 28, 1866, that legalized the metric system of weights and measures in the United States, are no longer accepted for use in the United States: myriameter, stere, millier or tonneau, quintal, myriagram, kilo (for kilogram).}}
13. ^{{cite book |title=Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, a brief history |author-first=Lewis V. |author-last=Judson |others=Derived from a prior work by Louis A. Fisher (1905) |editor-first=Louis E. |editor-last=Barbrow |publisher=US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards |location=USA |date=1976-10-01 |orig-year=1963 |id=NBS Special Publication 447; NIST SP 447; 003-003-01654-3 |lccn=76-600055 |page=33 |chapter=Appendix 7 |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/sp-447-2.pdf |access-date=2015-10-12}}
14. ^{{cite book |title=The metric system: a critical study of its principles and practice |author-first=Maurice |author-last=Danloux-Dumesnils |publisher=The Athlone Press |date=1969 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_metric_system.html?id=ElHAAAAAIAAJ |access-date=2015-10-09}} (a translation of the French original Esprit et bon usage du systeme metrique, 1965)
15. ^¹{{cite book |date=1889 |author-first=Le Roy Clark |author-last=Cooley |title=The New Text-book of Chemistry: For Use in High Schools and Academies |quote=10 kiloliters = 1 myrioliter}}
16. ^¹{{cite book |date=1895 |title=The West American Scientist |quote=The myriogram equals 22.046 lbs. avoirdupois.}}