“Mystery airship”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

It has been frequently argued that mystery airships are unlikely to represent test flights of real human-manufactured dirigibles as no record of successful sustained or long-range airship flights are known from the period and "it would have been impossible, not to mention irrational, to keep such a thing secret."{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 14}} To the contrary, however, there were in fact several functional airships manufactured before the 1896–97 wave (e.g., Solomon Andrews made successful test flights of his "Aereon" in 1863), but their capabilities were far more limited than what the mystery airships were reported to do. Reece{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 14}} and others^[4] note that contemporary American newspapers of the "yellow journalism" era were very likely to print manufactured stories and hoaxes than modern news sources, and editors of the late 1800s often would have expected the reader to understand that such stories were false.^[6]The majority of journalists covering the sightings did not seem to take the airship reports very seriously. Some newspapers dismissed the entire airship story as a complete hoax or simple misidentification of heavenly bodies. Some papers even openly mocked or ridiculed witnesses, denouncing them as drunks, fools or liars. After the major 1896-97 flap ended, the airship quickly fell from public consciousness. During the next 65 years, stories about individual airship sightings during the 1896-97 wave would occasionally appear in print after rediscovery in the archives of some local newspapers, but most were dismissed by readers as quaint anecdotes from a bygone era or tall-tales from the old days, and little attention was paid to them.^[6] The airship stories began to receive credence only after larger numbers of the 1896-97 newspaper reports began to be rediscovered beginning in the mid 1960s, during the modern era of UFO sightings and investigation. UFO investigators at the time suggested the airship wave of 1896-97 might represent significant precursors to post-World War II UFO sightings .^[5]

The airship wave of 1896-1897

The best-known of the mystery airship waves began in Northern California in 1896.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 12}} Afterwards, reports and accounts of similar airships came from all over California and other areas, including Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. With the arrival of 1897, the sightings began moving eastward across the country.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 12}} Some accounts during this wave of airship reports claim that occupants were visible on some airships, and encounters with the pilots and even the inventors were sometimes reported as well.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 12}} These occupants often appeared to be human, though their behavior, mannerisms and clothing were sometimes reported to be unusual.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 11}} Sometimes the humanoids claimed to be from the planet Mars.{{Sfn | Reece | 2007 | p = 11}}

Historian Mike Dash described and summarized the 1896–1897 series of airship sightings, writing:

Specific cases

The Sacramento Bee and the San Francisco Call reported the first California airship sighting on November 18, 1896.^[10] Witnesses reported a bright light moving slowly over the capital city of Sacramento on the evening of November 17 at an estimated elevation of 1,000 feet.^[10] Some witnesses claimed they saw some sort of a vague, dark shape behind the light.^[10] A witness named R.L. Lowery reported that he heard a voice from the passing craft issuing commands to increase altitude in order to avoid hitting a church steeple.^[10] Lowery added "in what was no doubt meant as a wink to the reader" that he believed the apparent captain to be referring to the tower of a local brewery, as there were no churches nearby.^[10] Lowery further described the craft as being powered by two men exerting themselves on bicycle pedals. Above the pedaling men seemed to be a passenger compartment, which lay under the main body of the dirigible. A light was mounted on the front end of the airship.^[10] Some witnesses reported voices talking or singing as the craft passed overhead.^[7]

The November 19, 1896, edition of the Stockton, California, Daily Mail featured one of the earliest accounts of an alleged alien craft sighting.^[8] Colonel H.G. Shaw claimed that while driving his buggy near Stockton, he came across what appeared to be a landed spacecraft.^[8] Shaw described it as having a metallic surface which was completely featureless apart from a rudder, and pointed ends.^[8] He estimated a diameter of 25 feet and said the vessel was around 150 feet in total length.^[8] Three slender, {{convert|7|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}}, apparent extraterrestrials were said to approach from the craft while "emitting a strange warbling noise."^[8] The beings reportedly examined Shaw's buggy and then attempted to physically remove him from the buggy to accompany them back to the airship.^[9] The aliens were said to have quickly abandoned the idea after realizing they lacked the physical strength to force Shaw aboard.^[3] They supposedly hurried to their ship, which lifted off the ground and sped out of sight.^[3] Shaw believed that the beings were Martians sent to kidnap an earthling for unknowable but potentially nefarious purposes.^[3] This has been seen by some as an early attempt at alien abduction; it is apparently the first published account of explicitly extraterrestrial beings attempting to kidnap humans into their spacecraft.^[10]

Other cases

Before 1896

In 1868, Charles Fort cited a mystery airship sighting in Copiapo, Chile. It was described as a gigantic, shining bird that driven by a noisy motor.^[16]

In a variation of the usual airship, on July 29, 1880 two witnesses in Louisville, Kentucky saw a flying object described as "a man surrounded by machinery which he seemed to be working with his hands" with wings protruding from his back.^[16] Merely a month later, a similar sighting happened in New Jersey. It was written at the New York Times that "it was apparently a man with bat's wings and improved frog's legs... the monster waved his wings in answer to the whistle of a locomotive."^[16]

1887 wave

There were a number of mystery airship reports from the East Coast of the U.S. in 1887.^[17]

1909–1913

There was a series of mystery airship sightings in 1909 in New England,^[18] New Zealand^[19] and various European locations.^[20] Later reports came from the United Kingdom in 1912 and 1913.^[21] However, by this time airship technology was well advanced (Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin had been flying his massive passenger-carrying airships for nearly a decade by then), making the prospect that these may have been small, private airships rather than evidence of extraterrestrial visitation or newspaper hoaxes more reasonable.

Wallace Tillinghast, a Massachusetts businessman, gained notoriety for claims he was responsible for the 1909 wave due to an airship he had built, but his claims were never substantiated.

Later research

Clark writes that any attempt to "uncover the truth about the late 19th-century airship scare comes up against some unhappy realities: newspaper coverage was unreliable; no independent investigators ('airshipologists') spoke directly with alleged witnesses or attempted to verify or debunk their testimony; and, with a single unsatisfactory exception, no eyewitness was ever interviewed even in the 1950s, when some were presumably still living."^[22]

The "single unsatisfactory exception" Clark cites is a former San Francisco Chronicle employee interviewed via telephone by Edward J. Ruppelt in 1952. Ruppelt wrote that the man "had been a copy boy…and remembered the incident, but time had cancelled out the details. He did tell me that he, the editor of the paper, and the news staff had seen 'the ship', as he referred to the UFO. His story, even though it was fifty-six years old, smacked of others I'd heard when he said that no one at the newspaper ever told anyone what they had seen; they didn't want people to think they were 'crazy'."

Jacobs notes, "Most arguments against the airship idea came from individuals who assumed that the witnesses did not see what they claimed to see. This is the crucial link between the 1896–97 phenomenon and the modern unidentified flying object phenomenon beginning in 1947. It also was central to the debate over whether unidentified flying objects constituted a unique phenomenon."^[23]

In 2009, American author J. Allan Danelek wrote a book entitled The Great Airship of 1897^[24] in which he made the case that the mystery airship was the work of an unknown individual, possibly funded by a wealthy investor from San Francisco, to build an airship prototype as a test vehicle for a later series of larger, passenger-carrying airships. In the work, Danelek demonstrates how the craft might have been built using materials and technologies available in 1896 (including speculative line drawings and technical details). The ship, Danelek proposes, was built in secret to safeguard its design from patent infringement as well as to protect investors in case of failure. Noting that the flights were initially seen over California and only later over the Midwest, he speculates that the inventor was making a series of short test flights, moving from west to east and following the main railway lines for logistical support, and that it was these experimental flights that formed the basis for many – though not all – of the newspaper accounts from the era. Danelek also notes that the reports ended abruptly in mid-April 1897, suggesting that the craft may have met with disaster, effectively ending the venture and permitting the sightings to fall into the realm of mythology.

Explanations

Hoaxes or misidentification

During the 1896–97 wave, there were many attempts to explain the airship sightings, including suggestions of hoaxes, pranks, publicity stunts and hallucinations. One man suggested the airships were swarms of lightning beetles misidentified by observers.{{Sfn | Jacobs | 1975 | p = 30}}

Jacobs believes that many airship tales originated with "enterprising reporters perpetrating journalistic hoaxes."^[4] He notes that many of these accounts "are easy to identify because of their tongue-in-cheek tone, and accent on the sensational."^[4] Furthermore, in many such newspaper hoaxes, the author makes his intent obvious "by saying – in the last line – that he was writing from an insane asylum (or something to that effect)."{{Sfn | Jacobs | 1975 | pp = 17–18}}

Actual airships

Some argued that at least some of the airship reports were genuine accounts. Steerable airships had been publicly flown in the U.S. since the Aereon in 1863, and numerous inventors were working on airship and aircraft designs (the idea that a secretive inventor might have developed a viable craft with advanced capabilities was the focus of Jules Verne's 1886 novel Robur the Conqueror). In fact, two French Army officers and engineers, Arthur Krebs and Charles Renard, had successfully flown in an electric-powered airship called La France as early as 1885, making no fewer than seven successful flights in the craft over an eleven-month period. Also during the 1896–97 period, David Schwarz built an aluminum-skinned airship in Germany that successfully flew over Tempelhof Field before being irreparably damaged during a hard landing. Both events clearly demonstrated that the technology to build a practical airship existed during the period in question, though if reports of the capabilities of the California and Midwest airship sighted in 1896–97 are true, it would have been considerably more advanced than any airship built up to that time.

Several individuals, including Lyman Gilmore and Charles Dellschau, were later identified as possible candidates for being involved in the design and construction of the airships, although little evidence was found in support of these ideas.

Claims of extraterrestrial origin

Early sources citing the extraterrestrial hypothesis, all from 1897, include the Washington Times, which speculated that the airships were "a reconnoitering party from Mars"; and the Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, which suggested of the airships, "these may be visitors from Mars, fearful, at the last, of invading the planet they have been seeking."{{Sfn | Jacobs | 1975 | p = 29}} In 1909, a letter printed in the Otago Daily Times (New Zealand) suggested that the mystery airship sightings then being reported in that country were due to Martian "atomic-powered spaceships."^[19]