| 词条 | Mário Schenberg |
| 释义 |
|name = Mário Schenberg |image = Schenberg.jpg |image_size = 220px |caption = Mário Schenberg |birth_date = {{birth date|1914|7|2|mf=y}} |birth_place = Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil |death_date = {{death date and age|1990|11|10|1914|7|2|mf=y}} |death_place = São Paulo, Brazil |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = Brazilian |ethnicity = |fields = Theoretical physics |workplaces = |alma_mater = University of São Paulo |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = José Leite Lopes |notable_students = |known_for = Schönberg-Chandrasekhar limit Urca process |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |awards = |signature = |footnotes = One of the most important Brazilian physicists of the 'heroic era' (1900–1945), together with José Leite Lopes, Cesar Lattes, Jayme Tiomno, and Joaquim da Costa Ribeiro. }} Mário Schenberg (var. Mário Schönberg, Mario Schonberg, Mário Schoenberg; July 2, 1914 – November 10, 1990) was a Jewish Brazilian electrical engineer, physicist, art critic and writer. Scientific workThe Urca processWidely regarded as one of Brazil's most important theoretical physicists, Schenberg is best remembered for his contributions to astrophysics, particularly the theory of nuclear processes in the formation of supernova stars. He provided the inspiration for the name of the so-called Urca process, a cycle of nuclear reactions in which a nucleus loses energy by absorbing an electron and then re-emitting a beta particle plus a neutrino-antineutrino pair, leading to the loss of internal supporting pressure and consequent collapse and explosion in the form of a supernova. George Gamow (1904–1968) was inspired to name the process Urca after the name of a casino in Rio de Janeiro, when Schenberg remarked to him that "the energy disappears in the nucleus of the supernova as quickly as the money disappeared at that roulette table". Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limitTogether with Indian physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995), he discovered and published in 1942 the so-called Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit, which is the maximum mass of the core of a star that can support the overlying layers against gravitational collapse, once the core hydrogen is exhausted. Quantum physics and geometric algebraIn the University of São Paulo had Schönberg interacted closely with David Bohm during the final years of Bohm's exile in Brazil,[1] and in 1954 Schönberg demonstrated a link among the quantized motion of the Madelung fluid and the trajectories of the de Broglie–Bohm theory.[2] He wrote a series of publications of 1957/1958 on geometric algebras that stand in relation to quantum physics and quantum field theory. He pointed out that those algebras can be described in terms of extensions of the commutative and the anti-commutative Grassmann algebras which have the same structure as the boson algebra and the fermion algebra of creation and annihilation operators. These algebras, in turn, are related to the symplectic algebra and Clifford algebra, respectively.[3] In a paper published in 1958, Schönberg suggested to add a new idempotent to the Heisenberg algebra,[4] and this suggestion was taken up and expanded upon in the 1980s by Basil Hiley and his co-workers in their work on algebraic formulations of quantum mechanics;[1][3][5] this work was performed at Birkbeck College where Bohm had become professor of physics in the meantime. Schönberg's ideas have also been cited in connection with algebraic approaches to describe relativistic phase space.[6] His work has been cited, together with that of Marcel Riesz, for its importance to Clifford algebras and mathematical physics in the proceedings of a workshop held in France in 1989 which had been dedicated to these two mathematicians.[7] Politics and lifeSchenberg was also a member of the Brazilian Communist Party[8][9] and professor of the University of São Paulo. ArticlesHis articles include:
References1. ^1 Interview with Basil Hiley conducted by Olival Freire on January 11, 2008, Oral History Transcript, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics {{s-start}}{{s-bef|before=José Goldemberg}}{{s-ttl|title=President of the Brazilian Society of Physics|years=1979–1981}}{{s-aft|after=Herch Moysés Nussenzveig}}{{s-end}}{{Order of Cultural Merit}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Schenberg, Mario}}2. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF02820368 | first = M. | last = Schönberg | title = On the hydrodynamical model of the quantum mechanics | journal = Il Nuovo Cimento | year = 1954 | volume= 12 | pages = 103–133 |bibcode =1954NCim...12..103S | issue = 1 }} (abstract) 3. ^1 F. A. M. Frescura, B. J. Hiley: Algebras, quantum theory and pre-space, p. 3–4 (published in Revista Brasileira de Fisica, Volume Especial, Julho 1984, Os 70 anos de Mario Schonberg, pp. 49–86) 4. ^M. Schönberg, Quantum mechanics and geometry, An. Acad. Brasil. Cien., 30, pp. 1–20, 1958. Cited after: F. A. M. Frescura, B. J. Hiley: Algebras, quantum theory and pre-space, p. 3–4 (published in Revista Brasileira de Fisica, Volume Especial, Julho 1984, Os 70 anos de Mario Schonberg, pp. 49–86) 5. ^B. J. Hiley: A note on the role of idempotents in the extended Heisenberg algebra, Implications, Scientific Aspects of ANPA 22, pp. 107–121, Cambridge, 2001 6. ^M.C.B. Fernandes, J.D.M. Vianna: On the generalized phase space approach to Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau particles, Foundations of Physics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 201–219, 1999, {{doi|10.1023/A:1018869505031}} (abstract), therein p. 201 7. ^Artibani Micali, Roger Boudet, Jacques Helmstetter (edds.): Clifford Algebras and their Applications in Mathematical Physics. Workshop Proceedings: 2nd (Fundamental Theories of Physics), Kluwer, 1989, {{ISBN|0-7923-1623-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FhU9QpPIscoC&pg=PP13 Foreword] (in French language) 8. ^{{cite book | title=The Utopian Impulse in Latin America | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |author1=Beauchesne, Kim |author2=Santos, Alessandra | isbn=9780230339613 | year=2011 | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fePHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 177]}} 9. ^{{cite journal| author =Barros, Alberto Luiz da Rocha | year=1991 | title=Schenberg: nada que é humano lhe era estranho | journal = Estudos avançados | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages =197–198 | publisher=University of São Paulo | issn=0103-4014 | url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v5n11/v5n11a11.pdf | language=Portuguese | accessdate=December 7, 2015 }} 11 : 1914 births|1990 deaths|Brazilian communists|Brazilian people of German-Jewish descent|Brazilian physicists|Guggenheim Fellows|Jewish Brazilian writers|Jewish socialists|University of São Paulo alumni|University of São Paulo faculty|20th-century Brazilian scientists |
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