| 词条 | Mâcon | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Mâcon |commune status = Prefecture and commune |image = Vue Quais depuis St Laurent Saône Mâcon 9.jpg |image coat of arms = Blason Mâcon.svg |arrondissement = Mâcon |canton = Mâcon-1 and 2 |INSEE = 71270 |postal code = 71000 |mayor = Jean-Patrick Courtois |term = 2001–2014 |intercommunality = Mâconnais–Val de Saône |coordinates = {{coord|46.30630|4.8313|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 175 |elevation min m = 167 |caption = Saône River in Mâcon |elevation max m = 347 |area km2 = 27.04 |population = 34000 |population date = 2006 |website = {{official website| http://www.macon.fr/}} }} Mâcon ({{IPA-fr|mɑ.kɔ̃}}), historically anglicised as Mascon, is a city in east-central France. It is the prefecture of the department of Saône-et-Loire in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Mâcon is home to over 34,000 residents, who are referred to in French as Mâconnais. The city gave its name to the nearby vineyards and wine 'appellation'. GeographyThe city lies on the western bank of the Saône river, between Bresse in the east and the Beaujolais hills in the south. Mâcon is the southernmost city in the department of Saône-et-Loire and the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is {{convert|65|km|0|abbr=off}} north of Lyon and {{convert|400|km|0|abbr=off}} from Paris. The Saône river runs through the town. The climate is temperate with a slight continental tendency. ClimateMâcon features an oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb), with warm summers, slightly too cool to be called subtropical (Cfa). Winters are relatively cold to French standards, but milder and more rainy than north of Mâcon. Most precipitation is in spring and autumn. {{Weather box|location = Mâcon (1981–2010) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 17.8 |Feb record high C = 20.3 |Mar record high C = 24.5 |Apr record high C = 29.8 |May record high C = 32.8 |Jun record high C = 37.2 |Jul record high C = 39.2 |Aug record high C = 39.8 |Sep record high C = 35.2 |Oct record high C = 28.4 |Nov record high C = 23.1 |Dec record high C = 19.3 |year record high C = 39.8 |Jan high C = 5.5 |Feb high C = 7.6 |Mar high C = 12.3 |Apr high C = 15.7 |May high C = 20.1 |Jun high C = 23.9 |Jul high C = 26.6 |Aug high C = 26.2 |Sep high C = 21.9 |Oct high C = 16.5 |Nov high C = 9.9 |Dec high C = 6.1 |year high C = 16.1 |Jan low C = 0.0 |Feb low C = 0.6 |Mar low C = 3.4 |Apr low C = 5.9 |May low C = 10.1 |Jun low C = 13.4 |Jul low C = 15.5 |Aug low C = 14.9 |Sep low C = 11.5 |Oct low C = 8.3 |Nov low C = 3.6 |Dec low C = 1.0 |year low C = 7.4 |Jan record low C = -21.2 |Feb record low C = -21.4 |Mar record low C = -10.2 |Apr record low C = -4.1 |May record low C = -1.8 |Jun record low C = 3.7 |Jul record low C = 5.9 |Aug record low C = 5.8 |Sep record low C = 1.0 |Oct record low C = -4.8 |Nov record low C = -8.7 |Dec record low C = -16.2 |year record low C = -21.4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 59.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 52.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 48.7 |Apr precipitation mm = 74.6 |May precipitation mm = 88.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 75.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 70.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 71.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 79.5 |Oct precipitation mm = 85.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 83.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 69.5 |year precipitation mm = 859.3 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 10.3 |Feb precipitation days = 8.8 |Mar precipitation days = 8.9 |Apr precipitation days = 10.1 |May precipitation days = 10.9 |Jun precipitation days = 8.9 |Jul precipitation days = 8.2 |Aug precipitation days = 8.2 |Sep precipitation days = 8.1 |Oct precipitation days = 10.4 |Nov precipitation days = 10.5 |Dec precipitation days = 10.7 |year precipitation days = 113.9 |Jan humidity = 88 |Feb humidity = 84 |Mar humidity = 77 |Apr humidity = 74 |May humidity = 75 |Jun humidity = 73 |Jul humidity = 71 |Aug humidity = 74 |Sep humidity = 80 |Oct humidity = 86 |Nov humidity = 88 |Dec humidity = 89 |year humidity = 79.9 |Jan sun = 61.9 |Feb sun = 91.5 |Mar sun = 154.9 |Apr sun = 182.0 |May sun = 212.9 |Jun sun = 245.3 |Jul sun = 267.7 |Aug sun = 242.4 |Sep sun = 185.6 |Oct sun = 116.9 |Nov sun = 70.3 |Dec sun = 50.5 |year sun = 1881.9 |source 1 = Météo France[1][2] |source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity, 1961–1990)[3] |date=February 2013}} HistoryAncient and Medieval erasThe agglomeration of Mâcon originates from the establishment of an oppidum and of a river port by the Celts from the Aedui, probably at the beginning of the first century BC. Known then under the name of Matisco, the town developed significantly during the age of the Roman Empire. This is demonstrated by the large Roman hoard, the Mâcon Treasure, that was discovered in the town in 1764, the remains of which is in the British Museum.[4] During the 4th century, the town was fortified. During the Middle Ages, Mâcon was the administrative center of a county belonging to the Duchy of Burgundy at the extremity of the bridge over the Saône leading to the Bresse territory belonging to the Duchy of Savoy. The town was controlling access to present-day Lamartinien Valley (Val Lamartinien), where the southern end of the Côte de Bourgogne joins the first foothills of the Beaujolais hills, opening the way to the rich plains of the Loire. On 3 June 1564, Charles IX from Chalon, stopped in the town during his Royal Tour of France (1564–1566), accompanied by the Court and the nobles of his kingdom, including his brother the Duke of Anjou, Henry of Navarre, the cardinals of Bourbon and Lorraine.[5] The town is strategically built: it was a possible entrance into the kingdom for the Swiss or German mercenaries during the French Wars of Religion. He was welcomed by the Queen Jeanne III of Navarre, nicknamed the “Queen of Protestants”, and 1,500 Huguenots. Revolutionary and Imperial erasOn 21 October 1790, the matriarch of a prominent local family gave birth to a son who remains highly visible in his hometown, the Romantic poet and historian Alphonse de Lamartine.[6] In 1790, the Revolutionary government designated Mâcon as the capital (chef-lieu) of Saône-et-Loire, a newly created département within the radical restructuring of national administration. In 1814, the town was invaded by Austrian troops and then liberated twice by French troops before being permanently occupied until the fall of the Empire. After Napoléon’s return and the subsequent Hundred Days, Mâcon and the Mâconnais were again captured by the Austrians. Second World WarDuring World War II, Mâcon was the first town in the unoccupied zone libre between Paris and Lyon. The town was liberated on 4 September by the troops who had landed in Provence.[7] Sights
Parks and gardensIn 2007, the city was awarded the Grand Prix prize and “4 flowers” in the Entente Florale competition.[8] TransportationMâcon is connected to neighbouring major cities through various routes:
Public transportMâcon uses the urban transport service Tréma, run by the organising transport authorities, the SITUM (Inter-communal City Transport Union of Mâconnais – Val de Saône). The SITUM currently consists of 3 members: CAMVAL (Agglomeration Community of Mâcon-Val de Saône) (26 communes) and the Chaintré and Crêches-sur-Saône communes. The Urban Transport Area of the SITUM extends over 28 communes in total. On the evening of 30 June 2009, the Mâcon Bus services ceased operation. This was due to the public service delegation contract between the SITUM and the Mâcon Bus company (a subsidiary of Transdev), operating the network since 1987, not being renewed at the last call for bids. So since 1 July 2009, the company CarPostal Mâcon (CarPostal France's subsidiary) has been providing city transport services on the network renamed Tréma. The network Tréma, restructured on 31 August 2009, made the following bid:
Mâcon is run by the network Buscephale of Saône-et-Loire’s local council. AdministrationIn 2010, the Mâcon commune was awarded the plaque "Ville Internet @@".[9] Mâcon is a member of CAMVAL (agglomeration community of the Mâconnais – Val de Saône districts). It is also where the CAMVAL headquarters.
EducationMâcon has five collèges and four lycées. These establishments are in the same area in the west of the city, with the exception of the collèges Schuman (north) and Saint-Exupery (south).
DemographyMâcon is one of the department’s major employment areas which is by far the most dynamic (13.5% increase between 1999 and 2006) compared to cities such as Chalon-sur-Saône or Montceau-les-Mines which are losing jobs. This dynamism is particularly helped by the many transportation links available and its proximity to Lyon. Associated districts and communesTown centreMâcon’s town center of extends from Place Gardon, in the north, to the Roundabout of Europe in the south, from Place de la Barre, in the west, to the banks along the Saône to the east. The quarters of the town's centre are varied:
From the late 1990s to the early 2000s, the esplanade Lamartine underwent extensive redevelopment and upgrades. The winding car park and damaged cobblestones were replaced by an underground car park on three levels, a larger and brighter esplanade, bars, and a stage on the water (of the Saône river) which now accommodates all kinds of events, concerts and shows. The Statue Lamartine, which sits proudly on the esplanade, was completely renovated. Small gardens now brighten up the immense space that Mâcon’s Esplanade Lamartine occupies. All along, one can find an extract from the famous poem by Lamartine, “Le Lac”: "Time, halt in your flight... " engraved in the ground in silver letters. North of MâconThe north of Mâcon is split, with the Neusdadt roundabout marking the boundary between the two sections. Flacé-lès-Mâcon, a village built in the city, constitutes the north-west of Mâcon. . In addition to the adjoining Town Hall, church and small downtown area, Flacé consists entirely of residential areas. The north-east of Mâcon is composed of various residential areas and the town’s sport centres (Physical Activity Training Course (P.A.P.A), public swimming pool, Centre for Sports Education, rowing, sailing and water skiing clubs, several football fields and clubs, and the Sports Palace). ). The residential areas consist mainly of low-rent council estates (HLM) with districts such as the priority development areas (ZUP) of Mâcon or the boulevard des États-Unis (road belonging administratively to the Saugeraies district). South of MâconThe south of Mâcon is composed of three major areas.
West of MâconThe west of Mâcon is the least populated part of the town. This hosts Mâcon’s lycées (René Cassin, Lamartine, Alexandre Dumaine and Ozanam) and most of the colleges, along with some residential areas merged with those of Charnay-lès-Mâcon, the Hospital of Mâcon and the historic working class area of Mâcon,Bioux. FlacéFormerly an independent commune, Flacé-lès-Mâcon was re-attached to Mâcon in 1965. It is now a residential area with a very prominent village atmosphere. Associated communesLochéLoché is an associated commune of Mâcon. The fusion-association dates from 1972. Mâcon Loché-TGV station is in this wine-producing village. Saint-Jean-le-PricheSaint-Jean-le-Priche is an associated commune of Mâcon. The merging association dates from 1972. Sennecé-lès-MâconSennecé-lès-Mâcon is an associated commune of Mâcon. The merging association dates from 1972. Wine{{Main article|Mâconnais}}The area west and north of Mâcon produces well-known wines from the Chardonnay grape. The best known appellation of the Mâconnais is Pouilly-Fuissé. Tourism{{Main article|Tourism in Saône-et-Loire}}In Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, you can see:
Economy
Mâcon holds the headquarters of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Saône-et-Loire, which manages the river port of Mâcon through Aproport, the Automotive Training Center (CFA Automobile) and the Mâcon-Charnay airport. The headquarters for the Chamber of Agriculture of Saône-et-Loire is also based in Mâcon. CultureThe "Eté frappé" Festival, a free art and music festival, takes place every summer from June to August all over the town (notably on the Lamartine esplanade alongside the river Saône) featuring many concerts of a wide range of musical styles (classical, French song, jazz, rock, folk, hip-hop, rap), many shows (dance, comedy), open air film shows, open air plays, sporting events. In 2011, 48.000 people attended the festival.[10] Every year in July, the Crescent Jazz Club holds a jazz festival during three days (as part of the "Eté frappé" Festival) featuring international jazz musicians. Sports and leisureMâcon has 73 clubs with 55 organisations, 40 different sports to play, and {{formatnum:14506}} members of a sports association (42% of the population). It was elected the most sportive town in France in 2001.
Notable people
In popular culture
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}Twin towns – Sister citiesMâcon is twinned with:
Culinary specialties
Bibliography
See also
References
1. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/macon/71105001/normales| title = Données climatiques de la station de Macon| publisher = Meteo France| language = French| accessdate = December 30, 2015}} 2. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/bourgogne/regi26/normales| title = Climat Bourgogne| publisher = Meteo France| language = French| accessdate = December 30, 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07385-macon-charnay.html| title = Normes et records 1961-1990: Mâcon - Charnay (71) - altitude 216m| language = French| publisher = Infoclimat| accessdate = December 30, 2015}} 4. ^[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=34858&plaA=34858-3-1 British Museum Collection] 5. ^Guerres de religion-Miquel, p 253 6. ^Whitehouse, p.13. 7. ^{{Atlas-Libération-France}}, p. 35 8. ^Source : Villes et Villages Fleuris {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508053451/http://www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com/leconcours/palmaresdep/P71.htm |date=8 May 2009 }} 9. ^Palmarès 2010 des Villes Internet sur le site officiel de l'association.{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Consulté le 19 December 2009. 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.macon.fr/Actualites/Videos/Ete-Frappe-2011-une-annee-exceptionnelle |title=Video excerpts from the 2011 "Eté frappé" Festival 4.33 |publisher=Macon.fr |date= |accessdate=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120023030/http://www.macon.fr/Actualites/Videos/Ete-Frappe-2011-une-annee-exceptionnelle |archive-date=20 November 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|title=British towns twinned with French towns|accessdate = 2013-07-11|work=Archant Community Media Ltd}} External links{{Commons category|Mâcon}}{{wikivoyage|Mâcon}}
4 : Communes of Saône-et-Loire|Prefectures in France|Aedui|Burgundy |
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