“Nadine Gordimer”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Gordimer's writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as Burger's Daughter and July's People were banned. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned, and gave Nelson Mandela advice on his famous 1964 defence speech at the trial which led to his conviction for life. She was also active in HIV/AIDS causes.

Personal life

Gordimer was born near Springs, Gauteng, an East Rand mining town outside Johannesburg. Her father, Isidore Gordimer, was a Jewish immigrant watchmaker from Žagarė (then Russian Empire, now Lithuania),^[1]^[2] and her mother, Hannah "Nan" (Myers) Gordimer, was from London.^[3]^[4] Her mother was from an assimilated family of Jewish origins; Gordimer was raised in a secular household.^[1]

Gordimer's early interest in racial and economic inequality in South Africa was shaped in part by her parents. Her father's experience as a refugee from tsarist Russia helped form Gordimer's political identity, but he was neither an activist nor particularly sympathetic toward the experiences of black people under apartheid.^[5] Conversely, Gordimer saw activism by her mother, whose concern about the poverty and discrimination faced by black people in South Africa led her to found a crèche for black children.^[4] Gordimer also witnessed government repression first-hand as a teenager; the police raided her family home, confiscating letters and diaries from a servant's room.^[4]

Gordimer was educated at a Catholic convent school, but was largely home-bound as a child because her mother, for "strange reasons of her own," did not put her into school (apparently, she feared that Gordimer had a weak heart).^[5] Home-bound and often isolated, she began writing at an early age, and published her first stories in 1937 at the age of 15.^[6] Her first published work was a short story for children, "The Quest for Seen Gold," which appeared in the Children's Sunday Express in 1937; "Come Again Tomorrow," another children's story, appeared in Forum around the same time. At the age of 16, she had her first adult fiction published.^[7]

Gordimer studied for a year at the University of the Witwatersrand, where she mixed for the first time with fellow professionals across the colour bar. She also became involved in the Sophiatown renaissance.^[7] She did not complete her degree, but moved to Johannesburg in 1948, where she lived thereafter. While taking classes in Johannesburg, she continued to write, publishing mostly in local South African magazines. She collected many of these early stories in Face to Face, published in 1949.

In 1951, the New Yorker accepted Gordimer's story "A Watcher of the Dead",^[8] beginning a long relationship, and bringing Gordimer's work to a much larger public. Gordimer, who said she believed the short story was the literary form for our age,^[6] continued to publish short stories in the New Yorker and other prominent literary journals. Her first publisher, Lulu Friedman, was the wife of the Parliamentarian Bernard Friedman, and it was at their house, "Tall Trees" in First Avenue, Lower Houghton, Johannesburg, that Gordimer met other anti-apartheid writers.^[9]

Gordimer's first novel, The Lying Days, was published in 1953. Gordimer had a daughter, Oriane (born 1950), by her first marriage in 1949 to Gerald Gavron, a local dentist, from whom she was divorced within three years.^[17] In 1954, she married Reinhold Cassirer, a highly respected art dealer who established the South African Sotheby's and later ran his own gallery; their "wonderful marriage"^[5] lasted until his death from emphysema in 2001. Their son, Hugo, was born in 1955, and is a filmmaker in New York, with whom Gordimer collaborated on at least two documentaries. Hugo Cassirer later married Sarah Buttrick, and had three children.

Activism and professional life

The arrest of her best friend, Bettie du Toit, in 1960 and the Sharpeville massacre spurred Gordimer's entry into the anti-apartheid movement.^[4] Thereafter, she quickly became active in South African politics, and was close friends with Nelson Mandela's defence attorneys (Bram Fischer and George Bizos) during his 1962 trial.^[4] She also helped Mandela edit his famous speech "I Am Prepared to Die", given from the defendant's dock at the trial.^[10] When Mandela was released from prison in 1990, she was one of the first people he wanted to see.^[4]

During the 1960s and 1970s, she continued to live in Johannesburg, although she occasionally left for short periods of time to teach at several universities in the United States. She had begun to achieve international literary recognition, receiving her first major award in 1961. Throughout this time, Gordimer continued to demand through both her writing and her activism that South Africa re-examine and replace its long held policy of apartheid.

During this time, the South African government banned several of her works, two for lengthy periods of time. The Late Bourgeois World was Gordimer's first personal experience with censorship; it was banned in 1976 for a decade by the South African government.^[11]^[12] A World of Strangers was banned for twelve years.^[11] Other works were censored for lesser amounts of time. Burger's Daughter, published in June 1979, was banned one month later; the Publications Committee's Appeal Board reversed the censorship of Burger's Daughter six months later, determining that the book was too one-sided to be subversive.^[13] Gordimer responded to this decision in Essential Gesture (1988), pointing out that the board banned two books by black authors at the same time it unbanned her own work.^[14] July's People was also banned under apartheid, and faced censorship under the post-apartheid government as well.^[15] In 2001, a provincial education department temporarily removed July's People from the school reading list, along with works by other anti-apartheid writers,^[16] describing July's People as "deeply racist, superior and patronizing"^[17]—a characterization that Gordimer took as a grave insult, and that many literary and political figures protested.^[16]

In South Africa, she joined the African National Congress when it was still listed as an illegal organization by the South African government.^[4]^[18] While never blindly loyal to any organization, Gordimer saw the ANC as the best hope for reversing South Africa's treatment of black citizens. Rather than simply criticizing the organization for its perceived flaws, she advocated joining it to address them.^[4] She hid ANC leaders in her own home to aid their escape from arrest by the government, and she said that the proudest day of her life was when she testified at the 1986 Delmas Treason Trial on behalf of 22 South African anti-apartheid activists.^[4]^[18] (See Simon Nkoli, Mosiuoa Lekota, etc.) Throughout these years she also regularly took part in anti-apartheid demonstrations in South Africa, and traveled internationally speaking out against South African apartheid and discrimination and political repression.^[4]

Her works began achieving literary recognition early in her career, with her first international recognition in 1961, followed by numerous literary awards throughout the ensuing decades. Literary recognition for her accomplishments culminated with the Nobel Prize for Literature on 3 October 1991,^[19] which noted that Gordimer "through her magnificent epic writing has—in the words of Alfred Nobel—been of very great benefit to humanity".^[20]

Gordimer's activism was not limited to the struggle against apartheid. She resisted censorship and state control of information, and fostered the literary arts. She refused to let her work be aired by the South African Broadcasting Corporation because it was controlled by the apartheid government.^[21] Gordimer also served on the steering committee of South Africa's Anti-Censorship Action Group. A founding member of the Congress of South African Writers, Gordimer was also active in South African letters and international literary organizations. She was Vice President of International PEN.

In the post-apartheid 1990s and 21st century, Gordimer was active in the HIV/AIDS movement, addressing a significant public health crisis in South Africa. In 2004, she organized about 20 major writers to contribute short fiction for Telling Tales, a fundraising book for South Africa's Treatment Action Campaign, which lobbies for government funding for HIV/AIDS prevention and care.^[22] On this matter, she was critical of the South African government, noting in 2004 that she approved of everything President Thabo Mbeki had done except his stance on AIDS.^[22]^[23]^[24]

While on lecture tours, she spoke on matters of foreign policy and discrimination beyond South Africa. For instance, in 2005, when Fidel Castro fell ill, Gordimer joined six other Nobel prizewinners in a public letter to the United States warning it not to seek to destabilize Cuba's communist government. Gordimer's resistance to discrimination extended to her even refusing to accept "shortlisting" in 1998 for the Orange Prize, because the award recognizes only women writers.^[25]

In 2006, Gordimer was attacked in her home by robbers, sparking outrage in the country. Gordimer apparently refused to move into a gated complex, against the advice of some friends.^[26]

In a 1979–80 interview Gordimer identified herself as an atheist, but added: "I think I have a basically religious temperament, perhaps even a profoundly religious one."^[27]

In addition to those disagreements, Roberts criticises Gordimer's post-apartheid advocacy on behalf of black South Africans, in particular her opposition to the government's handling of the AIDS crisis, as a paternalistic and hypocritical white liberalism. The biography also stated that Gordimer's 1954 New Yorker essay, "A South African Childhood", was not wholly biographical and contained some fabricated events.^[28]

Works, themes, and reception

Gordimer achieved lasting international recognition for her works, most of which deal with political issues, as well as the "moral and psychological tensions of her racially divided home country."^[32] Virtually all of Gordimer's works deal with themes of love and politics, particularly concerning race in South Africa. Always questioning power relations and truth, Gordimer tells stories of ordinary people, revealing moral ambiguities and choices. Her characterization is nuanced, revealed more through the choices her characters make than through their claimed identities and beliefs. She also weaves in subtle details within the characters' names.

Overview of critical works

Her first published novel, The Lying Days (1953), takes place in Gordimer's home town of Springs, Transvaal, an East Rand mining town near Johannesburg. Arguably a semi-autobiographical work, The Lying Days is a Bildungsroman, charting the growing political awareness of a young white woman, Helen, toward small-town life and South African racial division.^[33]

In her 1963 work, Occasion for Loving, Gordimer puts apartheid and love squarely together. Her protagonist, Ann Davis, is married to Boaz Davis, an ethnomusicologist, but in love with Gideon Shibalo, an artist with several failed relationships. Davis is white, however, and Shibalo is black, and South Africa's government criminalised such relationships.

Gordimer collected the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for A Guest of Honour in 1971 and, in common with a number of winners of this award, she was to go on to win the Booker Prize. The Booker was awarded to Gordimer for her 1974 novel, The Conservationist, and was a co-winner with Stanley Middleton's novel Holiday. The Conservationist explores Zulu culture and the world of a wealthy white industrialist through the eyes of Mehring, the antihero. Per Wästberg described The Conservationist as Gordimer's "densest and most poetical novel".^[4] Thematically covering the same ground as Olive Schreiner's The Story of an African Farm (1883) and J. M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country (1977), the "conservationist" seeks to conserve nature to preserve the apartheid system, keeping change at bay. When an unidentified corpse is found on his farm, Mehring does the "right thing" by providing it a proper burial; but the dead person haunts the work, a reminder of the bodies on which Mehring's vision would be built.

Gordimer's 1979 novel Burger's Daughter is the story of a woman analysing her relationship with her father, a martyr to the anti-apartheid movement. The child of two Communist and anti-apartheid revolutionaries, Rosa Burger finds herself drawn into political activism as well. Written in the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising, the novel was shortly thereafter banned by the South African government. Gordimer described the novel as a "coded homage" to Bram Fischer, the lawyer who defended Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid activists.^[4]^[34]

In July's People (1981), she imagines a bloody South African revolution, in which white people are hunted and murdered after blacks revolt against the apartheid government. The work follows Maureen and Bamford Smales, an educated white couple, hiding for their lives with July, their long-time former servant. The novel plays off the various groups of "July's people": his family and his village, as well as the Smales. The story examines how people cope with the terrible choices forced on them by violence, race hatred, and the state.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Gordimer's award-winning 2002 novel, The Pickup, considers the issues of displacement, alienation, and immigration; class and economic power; religious faith; and the ability for people to see, and love, across these divides. It tells the story of a couple: Julie Summers, a white woman from a financially secure family, and Abdu, an illegal Arab immigrant in South Africa. After Abdu's visa is refused, the couple returns to his homeland, where she is the alien. Her experiences and growth as an alien in another culture form the heart of the work.^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]

Honours and awards

Bibliography

Novels

Plays

Short fiction

Collections

Essays, reporting and other contributions

Edited works

Other

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite book|last=Ettin|first=Andrew Vogel|title=Betrayals of the Body Politic: The Literary Commitments of Nadine Gordimer|year=1993|publisher=University Press of Virginia|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813914305|pages=29, 30|url=https://books.google.com/?id=20mBXbH-PGoC|quote=although she had always referred to her father as Lithuanian, in recent years she has noted that his parents lived and worked in Riga, and now she identifies him as Latvian.}}
2. ^{{cite book|editor-last=Newman|editor-first=Judie|title=Nadine Gordimer's 'Burger's daughter': A Casebook|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195147179|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jGFje8JWmN8C|quote=She believed for many years that he was Lithuanian (like many South African Jewish immigrants) and only discovered later in life that he was Latvian.}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Gordimer|first=Nadine|editor1-last=Bazin|editor1-first=Nancy Topping|editor2-last=Seymour|editor2-first=Marilyn Dallman|title=Conversations with Nadine Gordimer|year=1990|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson|isbn=9780878054459|page=xix|url=https://books.google.com/?id=H28mUmmZeQ4C|quote=1923 – Born, 20 November in Springs, a small mining town in the Transvaal, South Africa. Second daughter of Isidore Gordimer, Jewish watchmaker and jeweler who had emigrated from Latvia at age 13, and Nan Myers Gordimer, a native of England.}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹{{cite web|last=Wästberg|first=Per|title=Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/gordimer-article.html|work=Nobelprize.org|date=26 April 2001|accessdate=16 August 2010}}
5. ^¹²"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2003/06/01/bogor.xml&sSheet=/arts/2003/06/01/bomain.html A Writer's Life: Nadine Gordimer]", Telegraph, 3 April 2006.
6. ^¹Nadine Gordimer, Guardian Unlimited (last visited 25 January 2007).
7. ^¹Nadine Gordimer: A Sport of Nature{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, The Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards.
8. ^New Yorker, 9 June 1951.
9. ^{{cite web|title=A mixture of ice and fulfilled desire|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2005-11-14-a-mixture-of-ice-and-fulfilled-desire|work=Mail & Guardian|date=14 November 2005|accessdate=16 August 2010}}
10. ^{{cite news|title=The Speech at Rivonia Trial that Changed History|author=Glen Frankel|date=5 December 2013|publisher=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/when-mandelas-and-the-worlds-fate-changed-at-historic-rivonia-trial/2013/12/05/22033836-5e10-11e3-be07-006c776266ed_story.html}}
11. ^¹²Jonathan Steele, "[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/oct/27/fiction.artsandhumanities White magic]", The Guardian (London), 27 October 2001.
12. ^Gail Caldwell, "South African Writer Given Nobel", The Boston Globe, 4 October 1991.
13. ^"Radiation, Race, and Molly Bloom: Nadine Gordimer Talks with BookForum", BookForum, Feb / March 2006.
14. ^Gordimer wrote an account of the censorship in "What Happened to Burger's Daughter or How South African Censorship Works".
15. ^BBC News, "South Africa reinstates authors", 22 April 2001.
16. ^¹"Gordimer detractors 'insulting', says Asmal {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211935/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/0,9294,2-7_1013033,00.html |date=30 September 2007 }}", News24.com, 19 April 2001.
17. ^Anuradha Kumar, "New Boundaries", The Hindu, 1 August 2004.
18. ^¹²Donald Morrison, "Nadine Gordimer", Time Magazine, 60 Years of Heroes (2006).
19. ^{{cite web|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 - Press Release|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=2014|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/press.html|accessdate=10 December 2017}}
20. ^¹{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991|publisher=Nobelprize|date=7 October 2010|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1991/|accessdate=7 October 2010}}
21. ^Christopher S. Wren, "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7DE133EF935A35753C1A967958260 Former Censors Bow Coldly to Apartheid Chronicler]", New York Times, 6 October 1991.
22. ^¹Agence France-Presse, "Nobel laureates join battle against AIDS", 1 December 2004.
23. ^Gordimer and literary giants fight AIDS {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408204159/http://entertainment.iafrica.com/news/77835.htm |date=8 April 2007 }}, iafrica.com, 29 November 2004.
24. ^Nadine Gordimer and Anthony Sampson, Letter to The New Review of Books, 16 November 2000.
25. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer, anti-apartheid author, dies aged 90|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/10966165/Nadine-Gordimer-anti-apartheid-author-dies-aged-90.html|work=The Telegraph|date=14 July 2014|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
26. ^{{cite news|title=Nobel writer Nadine Gordimer, 82, attacked and robbed|publisher=The Times|date=29 October 2006|accessdate=22 February 2010|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article616755.ece | location=London | first1=RW | last1=Johnson}}
27. ^Jannika Hurwitt, Interview with Gordimer, Paris Review, 88, Summer 1983.
28. ^¹{{Cite journal| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/books/review/31donadio.html| title = Nadine Gordimer and the Hazards of Biography| first = Rachel| last = Donadio| publisher = New York Times| date = 31 December 2006| accessdate = 12 April 2007| postscript = }}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.channel24.co.za/News/Local/Nadine-Gordimer-has-died-20140714|title=SA novelist Nadine Gordimer dies|publisher=News24.com|date=14 July 2014|accessdate=14 July 2014}}
30. ^{{cite web|last=Smith|first=David|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/14/nadine-gordimer-dies-90-johannesburg-nobel-prize|title=Nadine Gordimer dies aged 90|work=The Guardian|date=15 July 2014|accessdate=15 July 2014}}
31. ^{{cite web |last=Becker |first=Jillian |authorlink=Jillian Becker |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/critique-september-14-nadine-gordimer-comrade-madame-jillian-becker-nelson-mandela |title=Nadine Gordimer: 'Comrade Madam' |work=Standpoint |date=September 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gordimer.htm |title=Nadine Gordimer |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=Kuusankoski Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204041439/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gordimer.htm |archivedate=4 December 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/special-commissioned-essay-lying-days-by-nadine/themes-lying-days?print=1 |title=Judith Newman Special Commissioned Essay on The Lying Days by Nadine Gordimer Essay - Critical Essays |website=eNotes.com |date=1923-11-20 |accessdate=2016-11-02}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.law.wits.ac.za/bramfischer/then.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704102111/http://www.law.wits.ac.za/bramfischer/then.htm|archivedate=4 July 2007|title=Bram Fischer Human Rights Programme|work=Wits School of Law|year=2005|accessdate=16 August 2010}}
35. ^Dwight Garner and Nadine Gordimer, The Salon Interview: Nadine Gordimer, March 1998.
36. ^ReadingGroup Guide, The House Gun by Nadine Gordimer, Bookreporter.com
37. ^David Medalie, "'The Context of the Awful Event': Nadine Gordimer's The House Gun", Journal of Southern African Studies, v.25, n.4 (December 1999), pp. 633–644.
38. ^J.M. Coetzee Review of The Pickup and Loot and Other Stories, nytimes.com, 23 October 2003.
39. ^Sue Kossew, "Review of Nadine Gordimer, The Pickup {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621172601/http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/humanities/exchange/quodlibet/vol1/downloads/Gordimer.pdf |date=21 June 2007 }}", Quodlibet, v.1, February 2005.
40. ^Penguin Book Clubs/Reading Guides, Nadine Gordimer's The Pickup {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506155219/http://us.penguingroup.com/static/rguides/us/pickup.html |date=6 May 2007 }}, penguingroup.com; accessed 19 June 2015.
41. ^Anthony York, "The Pickup by Nadine Gordimer {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503042311/http://archive.salon.com/books/review/2001/12/06/gordimer/index.html |date=3 May 2007 }}" (book review), Salon.com, 6 December 2001.
42. ^{{cite news | author= J. R. Ramakrishnan| date= June 19, 2015| newspaper = The New York Times| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/books/review/in-the-country-by-mia-alvar.html?_r=0| title= ‘In the Country,’ by Mia Alvar| accessdate= April 6, 2016| quote=... Alvar’s elegant examination of the political wife is reminiscent of the long-suffering spouses and familial enablers of political men in Nadine Gordimer’s fiction... }}
43. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/nadine-gordimer|work=British Council|date=|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
44. ^¹²³{{cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer|url=https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/Central+News+Agency+Literary+Award|work=LibraryThing|date=|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
45. ^¹²³{{cite book|title=Nadine Gordimer's July's People: A Routledge Study Guide|author=Brendon Nicholls|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-71871-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTsVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mla.org/Membership/Our-Members/Honorary-Members-and-Fellows/Past-Honorary-Fellows |title=Past Honorary Fellows | Modern Language Association |website=Mla.org |date=1959-12-27 |accessdate=2016-11-02}}
47. ^{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/print/3b72550f62.html |title=UNHCR Gordimer, Nadine |publisher=Unhcr.org |date=20 November 1923 |accessdate=14 July 2014}}
48. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-05-16/entertainment/ca-17650_1_rome-prize-competition |title=Merger Of The Arts, Scholarship, Funding : Rome Prize Sidesteps The Cutbacks |last=Mehren |first=Elizabeth |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=16 May 1985 |accessdate=15 September 2013}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Bennett Award Acceptance Speech, 1986|url=https://hudsonreview.com/1987/07/bennett-award-acceptance-speech-1986/#.W7LJiXtKjIU|work=The Hudson Review|date=|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Winners by Year|url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/winners-by-year/|work=Anisfield-Wolf|date=2018|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
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52. ^{{cite web|title=На колене пред слънцето на свободата!|url=http://old.duma.bg/2007/0607/020607/iskam/isk-3.html|work=|date=|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer|url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/nadinegordimer/|work=Macmillan Publishers|date=|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer, The Pickup|url=http://fhrc.flinders.edu.au/quodlibet/vol1/downloads/Gordimer.pdf|author=Sue Kossew|work=Quodlibet: The Australian Journal of Trans-national Writing|date=February 2005|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
55. ^Celean Jacobson, "Nadine Gordimer awarded Legion of Honour" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214410/http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__national%2F&articleid=303520 |date=27 September 2007 }}, Mail & Guardian Online, 1 April 2007.
56. ^¹{{cite book|title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English|editor=Mohit K. Ray|date=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dis|isbn=9788126908325|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&pg=PA212}}
57. ^{{cite web|title=Perceptive Works Earned Respect of S. African Blacks : Nobel: Nadine Gordimer's opposition to apartheid, evident in her books, also took her to court|author=Scott Kraft|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-04/news/mn-3416_1_nadine-gordimer|work=Los Angeles Times|date=4 October 1991|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
58. ^{{cite web|title=Francisco González receives Mexico's Order of the Aztec Eagle honor|url=https://www.bbva.com/en/francisco-gonzalez-receives-aztec-eagle-honor/|work=BBVA|date=18 April 2018|accessdate=1 October 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web|last=Davies|first=Dominic|title=A Very Long Engagement|url=http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/a-very-long-engagement/|work=The Oxonian Review}}
60. ^{{cite web|title=Nadine Gordimer|url=https://www.biblio.com/nadine-gordimer/author/479|work=Biblio|date=|accessdate=2 October 2018}}