“Naiad”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In Greek mythology, the Naiads ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|æ|d|z|,_|-|ə|d|z}}; Greek: Ναϊάδες) are a type of female spirit, or nymph, presiding over fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks and other bodies of fresh water.

They are distinct from river gods, who embodied rivers, and the very ancient spirits that inhabited the still waters of marshes, ponds and lagoon-lakes, such as pre-Mycenaean Lerna in the Argolis.

Naiads were associated with fresh water, as the Oceanids were with saltwater and the Nereids specifically with the Mediterranean, but because the ancient Greeks thought of the world's waters as all one system, which percolated in from the sea in deep cavernous spaces within the earth, there was some overlap. Arethusa, the nymph of a spring, could make her way through subterranean flows from the Peloponnesus, to surface on the island of Sicily.

Etymology

The Greek word is Ναϊάς (Naiás, {{IPA-el|na͜a.i.ás|pron}}), plural Ναϊάδες (Naiades, {{IPA-el|na͜a.i.ád.es|}}) It derives from νάειν (náein), "to flow", or νᾶμα (nãma), "running water". "Naiad" has several English pronunciations: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|eɪ|æ|d}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|eɪ|ə|d}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|æ|d}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|d}}.

Mythology

They were often the object of archaic local cults, worshipped as essential to humans. Boys and girls at coming-of-age ceremonies dedicated their childish locks to the local naiad of the spring. In places like Lerna their waters' ritual cleansings were credited with magical medical properties. Animals were ritually drowned there. Oracles might be situated by ancient springs.

Naiads could be dangerous: Hylas of the Argo's crew was lost when he was taken by naiads fascinated by his beauty (see illustration). The naiads were also known to exhibit jealous tendencies. Theocritus' story of naiad jealousy was that of a shepherd, Daphnis, who was the lover of Nomia or Echenais; Daphnis had on several occasions been unfaithful to Nomia and as revenge she permanently blinded him. Salmacis forced the youth Hermaphroditus into a carnal embrace and, when he sought to get away, fused with him.

The water nymph associated with particular springs was known all through Europe in places with no direct connection with Greece, surviving in the Celtic wells of northwest Europe that have been rededicated to Saints, and in the medieval Melusine.

Walter Burkert points out, "When in the Iliad [xx.4–9] Zeus calls the gods into assembly on Mount Olympus, it is not only the well-known Olympians who come along, but also all the nymphs and all the rivers; Okeanos alone remains at his station",^[1] Greek hearers recognized this impossibility as the poet's hyperbole, which proclaimed the universal power of Zeus over the ancient natural world: "the worship of these deities," Burkert confirms, "is limited only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality."^[1]

Interpretation

Robert Graves offered a sociopolitical reading of the common myth-type in which a mythic king is credited with marrying a naiad and founding a city: it was the newly arrived Hellenes justifying their presence. The loves and rapes of Zeus, according to Graves' readings, record the supplanting of ancient local cults by Olympian ones (Graves 1955, passim).

So, in the back-story of the myth of Aristaeus, Hypseus, a king of the Lapiths, married Chlidanope, a naiad, who bore him Cyrene. Aristaeus had more than ordinary mortal experience with the naiads: when his bees died in Thessaly, he went to consult them. His aunt Arethusa invited him below the water's surface, where he was washed with water from a perpetual spring and given advice.

Types and individual names

Place names

St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans was formerly known as Nyades Street, and is parallel to Dryades Street.{{cn|date=February 2018}}

Gallery

See also

Notes

1. ^¹Burkert, III, 3.3, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxurBtx6shoC&pg=PA174 p. 174].
2. ^Bibliotheca 2.6
3. ^Theoi Project - Ismene
4. ^Theoi Project - Amymone
5. ^Tzetzes on Lycophron, 511
6. ^Callimachus, Aitia Fragment 66
7. ^Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 4. 374 ff
8. ^Theoi Project - Inachides
9. ^Strabo, Geography 8.3.19
10. ^Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5.5.11
11. ^Theoi Project - Anigrides
12. ^Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.24.4
13. ^Theoi Project - Nymphai Kyrtoniai
14. ^Callimachus, Hymn IV to Delos, 252
15. ^Theoi Project - Deliades
16. ^Pindar, Odes Olympian, 12
17. ^Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 5. 5. 1
18. ^Pausanias, Guide to Greece 6.22.7
19. ^Homer, Odyssey 13.96 ff
20. ^Strabo, Geography 9.2.25; 10.3.17
21. ^Pausanias, Guide to Greece 9.34.4
22. ^Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 1225 ff.
23. ^Hyginus, Fabulae 14
24. ^Theocritus, Idylls, 13. 44
25. ^Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.5.1
26. ^Theoi Project - Naiades Ortygiai
27. ^Theoi Project - Rhyndacides
28. ^Ovid, Metamorphoses 11. 762 ff
29. ^¹²³Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3. 89, in a list of Sicilian springs, of which only Arethousa and Cyane are known to have been personified
30. ^Strabo, Geography 6. 2. 4
31. ^Ovid, Metamorphoses 5. 407 & 487 ff
32. ^Virgil, Aeneid 3. 694 ff
33. ^Pausanias, Guide to Greece 10.8.9; 10.24.7
34. ^Nonnus, Dionysiaca, 2. 143-144 & 40 141-143
35. ^Statius, Thebaid 4.716
36. ^Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 3.300
37. ^Plato, Phaedrus 229
38. ^Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 3, page 238
39. ^Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 75 ff
40. ^Suida, Suda Encyclopedia s.v. Ergiske