| 词条 | Nakajima Ki-115 | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The {{nihongo|Nakajima Ki-115 Tsurugi|剣||"Sabre"}}[3] was a one-man kamikaze aircraft developed by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force in the closing stages of World War II in 1945. The Imperial Japanese Navy called this aircraft Tōka (藤花, "Wisteria Blossom"). Historical contextThe aircraft's intended purpose was to be used in kamikaze attacks on Allied shipping and the invasion fleet expected to be involved in the invasion of Japan, Operation Downfall, which in the end did not take place. Because the Japanese High Command thought that Japan did not have enough obsolete aircraft to use for kamikaze attacks, it was decided that huge numbers of cheap, simple suicide planes should be constructed quickly in anticipation of the invasion of Japan.[4] ConstructionThe aircraft was very simple, being made from "non-strategic" materials (mainly wood and steel). To save weight, it was to use a jettison-able undercarriage (there was to be no landing), so a simple welded steel tube undercarriage was attached to the aircraft.[5] This, however, was found to give unmanageable ground-handling characteristics, so a simple shock absorber was then incorporated. The cross section of the fuselage was circular and not elliptical as were most planes of this size and type; such a fuselage was easier to make. Tsurugi had an instrument panel with some flight instruments; rudder pedals in addition to joystick type control column, and also a place for a radio. Flight controls included both ailerons and elevators and (in production versions) flaps. The Ki-115 was designed to be able to use any engine that was in storage for ease of construction and supply, and to absorb Japan's stocks of obsolete engines from the 1920s and 1930s. The initial aircraft (Ki-115a) were powered by {{convert|858|kW|hp|adj=on}} Nakajima Ha-35 radial engines. It is not known if any other engine was ever actually fitted. After testing the first production aircraft were fitted with the improved undercarriage and two rocket units. These may have assisted with take-off[5] or may have been designed for the final acceleration towards the target.[6][2] PerformanceThe aircraft had a top speed of {{convert|550|km/h|mph}} and could carry a bomb weighing as much as {{convert|800|kg|lb}}, large enough to split a warship in two. However, it was otherwise unarmed, and heavily laden with its bomb, would have been an easy target for enemy fighter aircraft. The controls were crude, the visibility terrible, and the performance abysmal. Tsurugi had very poor take-off and landing performance and could not be safely flown by anyone other than experienced pilots. There were fatal crashes during testing and training.[6] However new, better versions [6] with improved controls and better visibility were under intensive development. The Japanese High command had plans to construct some 8,000 per month in workshops all across Japan. The war ended before any flew in combat. Individually, they would have been rather inefficient weapons, but used in waves of hundreds or thousands they could have been quite destructive. Variants
Surviving aircraftAn example of the Ki-115 is at the Garber Facility of the National Air and Space Museum, in disassembled condition.[8] Another, once displayed as a gate guardian at Yokota Air Base, since 1952 turned over to Japanese authorities and is reportedly at a Japanese museum.[9] Specifications{{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?= plane |jet or prop?= prop |ref=Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War[2] |crew= One, pilot |capacity= |payload main= |payload alt= |length main= 8.55 m |length alt= 28 ft 0⅝ in |span main= 8.60 m |span alt= 28 ft 2½ in |height main= 3.30 m |height alt= 10 ft 10 in |area main= 12.4 m² |area alt= 133.47 ft² |airfoil= |empty weight main= 1,640 kg |empty weight alt= 3,616 lb |loaded weight main= 2,580 kg |loaded weight alt= 5,688 lb |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= 2,880 kg (max overload with 800 kg bomb) |max takeoff weight alt= 6,349 lb |more general= |engine (prop)= Nakajima Ha-35 Type 23 |type of prop= radial engine (provision for two rocket accelerators) |number of props= 1 |power main= 860 kW |power alt= 1,150 hp |power original= |max speed main= 550 km/h |max speed alt= 297 kn, 342 mph |max speed more= at 2,800 m (9,200 ft) |cruise speed main= 300 km/h |cruise speed alt= 162 kn, 186 mph |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |range main= 1,200 km |range alt= 648 nmi, 746 mi |ceiling main= |ceiling alt= |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= |bombs= 1 × 250 kg (551 lb), 500 kg (1,102 lb), or 800 kg (1,764 lb) bomb |avionics= }} See also{{aircontent||related= |similar aircraft=
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|see also= }} References
1. ^Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, {{ISBN|0-87021-313-X}}, p. 241. 2. ^1 2 3 {{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|p=243.}} 3. ^Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, {{ISBN|0-87021-313-X}}, p. 242. 4. ^{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|p=241.}} 5. ^1 2 Tsurugi closeups. Col. Scott Willey [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028070020/http://geocities.com/~scottvanaken/closeups/115cu.html article] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028065816/http://geocities.com/~scottvanaken/closeups/115guide.html pictures] 6. ^1 2 3 Kamikaze and the Nakajima Ki 115 Tsurugi 7. ^{{cite book | title=Kamikaze | publisher=Osprey Publishing | author=Zaloga, Steven J. | year=2011 | page=14 | isbn=1-84908-353-3}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Nakajima Ki-115a Tsurugi (Sabre)|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/nakajima-ki-115a-tsurugi-sabre|website=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum|accessdate=15 April 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Dorr|first1=Robert F.|title=HISTORY IN BLUE: The ‘mystery’ fighter that Japan forgot|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-578607.php|website=Air Force Times|publisher=Gannett Government Media Corporation|accessdate=15 April 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130215114809/http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-578607.php|archivedate=15 February 2013|deadurl=yes|df=}}
External links{{commonscat-inline|Nakajima Ki-115 Tsurugi}}{{Nakajima aircraft}}{{Japanese Army Aircraft Designation System}} 6 : Japanese attack aircraft 1940–1949|World War II suicide weapons of Japan|Nakajima aircraft|Single-engined tractor aircraft|Low-wing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1945 |
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