“Names of Kosovo”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The name Kosovo (as referred to in this spelling) is the most frequently used form in English when discussing the region in question. The Albanian spelling Kosova has lesser currency. The alternative spellings Cossovo and Kossovo were frequently used until the early 20th century^[1]

Kosovo

Kosovo ({{lang-sr-cyr|Косово}}) is the Serbian neuter possessive adjective of kos ({{lang|sr|кос}}), meaning "blackbird"; -ovo being an adjectival suffix – it is short for the region named the "field of the blackbirds" ({{lang-sr|Kosovo polje}}), the Kosovo field, the site of the 1389 battle between the army of Serbian Prince Lazar and the Ottoman Army, which ended in an Ottoman victory and Serbian decline.^[2] The name Kosovo Kos- is found in hundreds of Slavic locations.^[3] The cognate of Proto-Slavic kosь is Ancient Greek kópsikhos.^[4]^[3] The Albanian variant is Kosova (definite Kosovë).

Arnavudluk (Albania)

Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi, who went to the area in 1660 referred to central Kosovo as Arnavud (آرناوود) and noted that in Vučitrn its inhabitants were speakers of Albanian or Turkish and few spoke "Boşnakca".^[6] The highlands around the Tetovo, Peć and Prizren areas Çelebi considered as being the "mountains of Arnavudluk".^[6] Çelebi referred to the "mountains of Peć" as being in Arnavudluk and considered the Ibar river that converged in Mitrovica as forming Kosovo's border with Bosnia.^[6] He viewed the "Kılab" or Lab river as having its source in Arnavudluk and by extension the Sitnica as being part of that river.^[6] Çelebi also included the central mountains of Kosovo within Arnavudluk.^[5]

During Ottoman rule the area of Kosovo was referred to as Arnavudluk (آرناوودلق) meaning Albania by the empire in its documents such as those dating from the eighteenth century.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Gegalik (Gegënia)

In the late Ottoman period Albanians claimed the sancaks of Yeni Pazar (Novi Pazar), Ipek (Peć/Peja), Prizren, Priștine (Pristina) and Üsküp (Skopje) which were all within Kosovo Vilayet as forming part of Gegalık or Land of the Gegs, a term named after Gheg Albanians who inhabited the area.^[9]

Dardania

There is a theory within linguistics that the name Dardania used in ancient times for the area of Kosovo is derived from an Albanian word dardha meaning "pear".^[10]^[11]

Due to its Slavic (Serbian) name, Kosovo Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova supported a name change to "Dardania", after the ancient province.^[12] Albanian nationalists seek to remove Serbian terminology (and toponomy) in Kosovo.^[13] It did however not enter general usage.

Kosovo and Metohija

The name "Kosovo and Metohija" was used for the autonomous province in Yugoslav Serbia since its creation in 1945 until 1968, when the term "Metohija" was dropped. In 1990, the name was reversed to "Kosovo and Metohija". After the Kosovo War, the United Nations mission used only "Kosovo" as the name of the province.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kossovo |volume=15 |page=916}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=J. Everett-Heath|title=Place Names of the World - Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK2HDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=1 August 2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-28673-3|pages=373–}}
3. ^¹{{cite book|editor=Kosta Mihailović|title=Kosovo and Metohija: past, present, future : papers presented at the International Scholarly Meeting held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, March 16-18, 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W28tAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=SANU|pp=231–233}}
4. ^{{cite book|editor=Ivana Vidović|title=Drugi hrvatski slavistički kongres: zbornik radova|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugoAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Hrvatsko filološko društvo|isbn=978-953-175-112-4|p=72}}
5. ^¹²³⁴{{harvnb|Anscombe|2006b|p=787.}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Anscombe |first=Frederick |chapter=Albanians and "mountain bandits" |pages=87–113 |editor1-last=Anscombe |editor1-first=Frederick |title=The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830 |year=2006 |location=Princeton |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |isbn=9781558763838 |url=http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/578/1/578 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125223702/http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/578/1/578 |archivedate=25 January 2016 }} p.88, 107 "In light of the recent violent troubles in Kosovo and Macedonia and the strong emotions tied to them, readers are urged most emphatically not to draw either of two unwarranted conclusions from this article: that Albanians are somehow inherently inclined to banditry, or that the extent of Ottoman "Albania" or Arnavudluk (which included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia) gives any historical "justification" for the creation of a "Greater Albania" today."
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Anscombe|first=Frederick|title=The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics – II: The Case of Kosovo|jstor=40109813|journal=The International History Review|volume=28|issue=4|year=2006b|ref=harv|url=http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/577/}} p.772.
8. ^{{cite book|last=Kolovos|first=Elias|title=The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek lands: Toward a social and economic history: Studies in honor of John C. Alexander|year=2007|location=Istanbul|publisher=Isis Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QT8MAQAAMAAJ&dq=Arnavudluk+Albania&q=Arnavudluk+|isbn=9789754283464|ref=harv}} p. 41. "Anscombe (ibid., 107 n. 3) notes that Ottoman "Albania" or Arnavudluk... included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia"; see also El2. s.v. "Arnawutluk. 6. History" (H. İnalcık) and Arsh, He Alvania. 31.33, 39–40. For the Byzantine period. see Psimouli, Souli. 28."
9. ^{{cite book|last=Gawrych|first=George|title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913|year=2006|location=London|publisher=IB Tauris|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+crescent+and+the+eagle:+Ottoman+rule,+Islam+and+the+Albanians,+1874-1913+lexicon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT94zl8ebXAhWJT7wKHYRLADEQ6AEIJjAA#v=snippet&q=land%20of%20the%20gegs&f=false|isbn=9781845112875|pages=28-29.|ref=harv}}
10. ^Albanian Etymological Dictionary, V.Orel, Koninklijke Brill, Leiden Boston Köln 1998, p.56
11. ^{{cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John|title=The Illyrians|year=1992|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780631146711|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=l8q0QgAACAAJ&dq=Wilkes%20the%20illyrians&source=gbs_book_other_versions|pages=244|ref=harv}} "Names of individuals peoples may have been formed in a similar fashion, Taulantii from ‘swallow’ (cf. the Albanian tallandushe) or Erchelei the ‘eel-men’ and Chelidoni the ‘snail-men’. The name of the Delmatae appears connected with the Albanian word for ‘sheep’ delmë) and the Dardanians with for ‘pear’ (dardhë)."
12. ^{{cite book|author=Jelle Janssens|title=State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YS15BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=5 February 2015|publisher=Maklu|isbn=978-90-466-0749-7|pages=51–}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=Slobodan Erić|title=Косово и Метохија: аргументи за останак у Србији|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmM_AQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Геополитика|p=281}}