| 释义 |
- Taxonomy
- Description Microscopic features Differentiation from Morchella
- Distribution and habitat
- Edibility
- Use as an Antioxidant
- References
{{Taxobox
| image = Verpa conica by Ron Pastorino.jpg
| image_width = 234px
| image_caption =
| regnum = Fungi
| divisio = Ascomycota
| classis = Ascomycetes
| ordo = Pezizales
| familia = Morchellaceae
| genus = Verpa
| species = V. conica
| binomial = Verpa conica
| binomial_authority = (O.F.Müll.) Sw. (1815)
| synonyms_ref = [1]
| synonyms = Phallus conicus O.F.Müll. (1775)
Leotia conica (O.F.Müll.) Pers. (1801)
Relhanum conicum (O.F.Müll.) Gray (1821)
Monka conica (O.F.Müll.) Kuntze (1898)
}}{{mycomorphbox
| name = Verpa conica
| whichGills = free
| capShape = ovate
| hymeniumType = gleba
| stipeCharacter = bare
| howEdible=edible
| howEdible2=poisonous
}}Verpa conica, commonly known as the bell morel or the thimble fungus, is a species of fungi in the family Morchellaceae. Sometimes mistaken for a true morel (genus Morchella), this species is a "false morel" characterized by a cap resembling a thimble that is freely attached to the stem.[2]TaxonomyThe species was first described under the name Phallus conicus by Otto Friedrich Müller in 1775. Later authors have moved the taxon to various genera: Persoon placed in Leotia in 1801, Samuel Frederick Gray transferred it Relhanum in 1821, while Otto Kuntze moved it to Monka in 1898. The species was transferred to Verpa by Olof Swartz in 1814.[1] DescriptionFruiting bodies have a smooth cap that is bell-shaped or conical, and {{convert|1.5|to|4|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} broad;[2] it is attached to the top of the stem only, the margin of the cap is free – hanging like a skirt. The underside of the cap is tan to dark brown in color. The stem, which measures {{convert|5|to|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} by {{convert|1|to|1.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick, is white and tapers upwards so that the apex is slightly thicker than the base; the stem surface is either smooth or slightly fuzzy.[5] It is generally hollow, although young specimens may be filled with cotton-like hyphae. The flesh is thin and brittle, and the cap can be easily broken off the stem. David Arora notes that sometimes a variety with a wrinkled cap can be found, somewhat resembling a Gyromitra.Microscopic featuresSpores are elliptical, smooth, hyaline, with dimensions of 28–34 by 15–19 µm. The asci are typically 500–550 by 21–27 µm, and eight spored. The paraphyses are club-shaped, branched, and septate.[7] Differentiation from Morchella Since the cap is free in V. conica, it is easily distinguishable from true morels. True morels attach at the base of the cap. V. conica mushrooms attach at the top of the cap—so they are even distinguishable from half-free morels. This mushroom also tends to be filled with a cotton material, whereas morels are hollow all of the way through. Distribution and habitatThis species grows singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground in both hardwood and coniferous forests, often in river valleys, or along stream banks.[7] It often fruits in late spring, usually near morel season. It has been reported to fruit abundantly in the chaparral scrubland in southern California. EdibilityAlthough some authors claim the mushroom to be edible,[10][11] others warn that it may cause gastrointestinal discomfort.[12] It may be confused with the "early morel", species Verpa bohemica, which is not recommended for consumption.[13] Use as an Antioxidant There is evidence that V. conica may contain compounds that function as an antioxidant. While not necessarily recommended for consumption, it is possible that an extract from V. conica could be used as an antioxidant supplement. A study done on the antioxidant activity of various mushroom species indicates that this species of Verpa does particularly well in reducing power. They also do well in binding iron, which may be related to peroxidation protection.[1] References1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Elmastas|first=Mahfuz|last2=Isildak|first2=Omer|last3=Turkekul|first3=Ibrahim|last4=Temur|first4=Nuri|year=2007|title=Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms|url=|journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis|volume=20|pages=337–345|via=}}
2. ^1 {{cite book |author=Hall IR. |title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2003 |page=113 |isbn=0-88192-586-1}}
3. ^1 {{cite book |vauthors=Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States |series=Bur Oak Guide |publisher=University of Iowa Press |location=Iowa City, Iowa |year=2008 |page=297 |isbn=1-58729-627-6}}
4. ^1 {{cite book |author=Jordan M. |title=The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe |publisher=Frances Lincoln |location=London, UK |year=2004 |page=57 |isbn=0-7112-2379-3}}
5. ^1 {{cite book |vauthors=McKnight VB, McKnight KH |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=1987 |page=43 |isbn=0-395-91090-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&pg=PA43}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Tylutki EE. |title=Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest |publisher=University Press of Idaho |location=Moscow, Idaho |year=1979 |page=42 |isbn=0-89301-062-6}}
7. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=241570 |title=Verpa conica (O.F. Müll.) Sw. 1814 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |accessdate=2011-05-06}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/verpa_conica.html |title=Verpa conica |date=January 2005 |author=Kuo M |work=MushroomExpert.Com |accessdate=2011-05-06}}
9. ^1 {{cite book |vauthors=Weber NS, Smith AH |title=The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |year=1980 |page=39 |isbn=0-472-85610-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYI4f6fqrfkC&pg=RA1-PA39}}
}}{{Morchellaceae}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1417061}} 4 : Morchellaceae|Fungi described in 1775|Fungi of Europe|Fungi of North America |