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词条 Veterinary chiropractic
释义

  1. Practice

     Scope  Clinical 

  2. Efficacy and safety

  3. History and certification

  4. References

  5. External links

Veterinary chiropractic, also known as animal chiropractic, is the practice of spinal manipulation or manual therapy for animals.[1] Veterinary chiropractors typically treat horses, racing greyhounds, and pets.[2] It has become a fast developing field in animal alternative medicine.[3]

It remains controversial within certain segments of the veterinary and chiropractic profession.[4] There is some degree of risk associated with even skilled manipulation in animals as the potential for injury exists with any technique used.[5]

The founder of chiropractic, Daniel David Palmer, used the method on animals, partly to challenge claims that the placebo effect was responsible for favorable results in humans.[6] Chiropractic treatment of large animals dates back to the early 1900s.[7] {{As of|2016}}, 40 states in the US provide statutory or regulatory guidelines for the practice of chiropractic and related treatments on animals, generally requiring some form of veterinary involvement.[8]

Practice

Scope

Veterinary chiropractors typically treat horses, racing greyhounds, and pets.[1] Some animal chiropractors perform adjusts on exotic animals such as birds, dolphins[4] elephants, iguanas, turkeys, pigs, and llamas.[2] It has become a fast developing area.[3] A 2011 survey in New Zealand found that use of animal chiropractic on competition race horses is widespread.[4]

Clinical

The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) guidelines recommend that a veterinarian should examine an animal and establish a preliminary diagnosis before any alternative treatment, like chiropractic, is initiated.[5] Before performing a chiropractic adjustment, the chiropractor examines the animal's gait, posture, and the vertebrae and extremities. The chiropractor may also make neurological evaluations.[15] In addition to spinal manipulation, other adjustive procedures can be performed to the extremity joints and cranial sutures.[6] Those that specialize in horses are referred to as "equine chiropractors."[7]

The AVMA lists chiropractic as a complementary and alternative treatment (CAVM).[8] Other CAVM treatments include acupuncture and physical therapy. The AVMA Model Veterinary Practice Act includes CAVM in the definition of veterinary medicine, and that standard has been adopted in 20 states {{as of|2016|lc=on}}. An additional 20 states have enacted other provisions regarding the use of CAVM on animals, most of which require some type of veterinary input such as supervision or referral.[9] Veterinary chiropractic is not recognized by the American Chiropractic Association as being chiropractic.[10]

Efficacy and safety

Limited evidence exists on the efficacy of osteopathic or chiropractic methods in equine therapy.[11] There is limited evidence supporting the effectiveness of spinal manipulation or mobilization for equine pain management, and the efficacy of specific equine manual therapy techniques is mostly anecdotal.[12] Together, the American Animal Hospital Association and the American Association of Feline Practitioners stated in 2015 that there was insufficient "reliable, noncontradictory evidence" for veterinary chiropractic methods in the management of pain.[13] The practice remains controversial.[14]

There is some degree of risk associated with even skilled manipulation in animals as the potential for injury exists with any technique used.[15][16] This risk may increase in the presence of structural disease, such as equine cervical vertebral malformation (CVM) or canine intervertebral disk disease.[15] Horses have been hurt by very forceful animal chiropractic movements.[28] Adjusting the spine of a dog with a degenerative disk runs the risk of serious injury to the spinal cord.[17]

History and certification

Chiropractic treatment of large animals dates back to the early 1900s.[18] The founder of the field of chiropractic, spiritualist Daniel David Palmer used the method on animals, partly to challenge claims that the placebo effect was responsible for favorable results in humans.[19] In the 1980s, it began to be seen on the margins of veterinary medicine.[20] By the late 1980s, a veterinarian who also was a chiropractor, Sharon Willoughby, developed a training program.[19] With the emergence of veterinary chiropractic, both doctors of chiropractic (DCs) and veterinary medicine (DVMs) became able to take additional training to become certified in veterinary chiropractic. There are two certifying agencies in North America, the American Veterinary

Chiropractic Association (AVCA) and the International Veterinary Chiropractic Association(IVCA). Earning certification from either agency requires attending an approved animal chiropractic program followed by AVCA or IVCA written and clinical examinations.[21] In some locations, a veterinarian must supervise the treatment or provide a referral for the treatment by a veterinary chiropractor.[22]

References

1. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGusLMlx6nsC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA135 |title=Veterinary Pharmacy |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |accessdate=2008-04-22 |last=Kayne |first=Steven |page=143 |isbn=0-85369-534-2 |year=2004}}
2. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/animal-chiropractors-treat-elephants-iguanas-article-1.1323551|title=Animal chiropractors treat elephants, iguanas, turkeys, pigs, llamas, dogs and cats|date=April 21, 2013|publisher=Associated Press|work=Daily News}}
3. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.lakenormancitizen.com/columns/pet-expert/item/8475-improve-your-pet’s-life-with-chiropractic-care.html|title=Improve Your Pet’s Life With Chiropractic Care|author=Staff|date=June 8, 2015|work=Lake Norman Citizen}}
4. ^{{cite journal |journal=NZ Vet J |year=2011 |volume=59 |issue=3 | pages=123–127 | title=The use of allied health therapies on competition horses in the North Island of New Zealand |vauthors=Meredith K, Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, Gee EK |doi=10.1080/00480169.2011.562861|pmid=21541885}}
5. ^avmajournals.avma.org/doi/pdf/10.2460/javma.2001.218.1729
6. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSN0jWhVP70C&pg=PA187|title=Careers with Animals: Exploring Occupations Involving Dogs, Horses, Cats|year=2005|publisher=Stackpole Books|author=Ellen Shenk|accessdate=2008-04-23|isbn=0-8117-2962-1}}
7. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW6Px7v-onUC&pg=PA120&dq=Equine+chiropractic |title=The Career Guide to the Horse Industry |publisher=Thomson Delmar Learning |accessdate=2008-04-23 |last=Landers |first=Theodore |pages=120–1 |isbn=0-7668-4849-3 |year=2002}}
8. ^{{cite journal | author=Ramey DW | title=Regulatory aspects of complementary and alternative veterinary medicine | journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc | volume=222 | issue=12 | pages =1679–82 | date=June 2003 | doi=10.2460/javma.2003.222.1679 | pmid=12830858}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|title=Scope of Practice: Complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) and other practice act exemptions|url=https://www.avma.org/Advocacy/StateAndLocal/Pages/sr-cavm-exemptions.aspx|website=American Veterinary Medical Association|accessdate=22 March 2016|date=March 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://amerchiro.org/level2_css.cfm?T1ID=10&T2ID=117#107|title='Veterinary' chiropractic |year=1994 |author=ACA House of Delegates|publisher=American Chiropractic Association|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517055938/http://www.amerchiro.org/level2_css.cfm?T1ID=10&T2ID=117#107|archivedate=May 17, 2008}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Haussler|first1=Kevin K.|title=Joint Mobilization and Manipulation for the Equine Athlete|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice|volume=32|issue=1|year=2016|pages=87–101|issn=0749-0739|doi=10.1016/j.cveq.2015.12.003|pmid=27012508}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Haussler|first1=KK |year=2010 |title=The role of manual therapies in equine pain management. |journal=Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=579–601|doi=10.1016/j.cveq.2010.07.006|pmid=21056301 }}
13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Epstein|first1=M|last2=Rodan|first2=I|last3=Griffenhagen|first3=G|last4=Kadrlik|first4=J|last5=Petty|first5=M|last6=Robertson|first6=S|last7=Simpson|first7=W|title=2015 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats.|journal=Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association|date=2015|volume=51|issue=2|pages=67–84|doi=10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7331|pmid=25764070|url=https://www.aaha.org/public_documents/professional/guidelines/2015_aaha_aafp_pain_management_guidelines_for_dogs_and_cats.pdf}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite journal |journal= Dyn Chiropr |year=2001 |volume=19 |issue=13 |url=http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/19/13/07.html |author= Daniel Kamen |title= Politics and technique}}
15. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Ramey D, Keating JC, Imrie R, Bowles D |title=Claims for veterinary chiropractic unjustified |journal=Can. Vet. J. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=169–70 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10738593 |pmc=1476296 |doi= |url=}}
16. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor L, Romano L |title=Claims for veterinary chiropractic unjustified - A reply |journal=Can. Vet. J. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=169–170 |date=March 2000 |pmid=17424592 |pmc=1476304 |doi= |url=}}
17. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://chirobase.org/06DD/chirovet.html|title=Veterinary Chiropractic|author=David W. Ramey|year=2000|publisher=Chirobase}}
18. ^1 {{cite press release|url=http://avma.org/press/releases/070714_comp_alt_med.asp |title=Complementary and alternative veterinary medicine—such as acupuncture, herbs and chiropractic—becoming more mainstream |date=2007-07-14 |accessdate=2008-05-30 |publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520020423/http://www.avma.org/press/releases/070714_comp_alt_med.asp |archivedate=May 20, 2008 }}
19. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Kuchinski|first1=Kristine|title=Pediatrics of common and uncommon species|date=2012|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9781455744466|pages=286–287|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEUUv4hosRQC&pg=PT286}}
20. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thedenverchannel.com/lifestyle/family/more-pet-owners-turn-to-pet-chiropractors|title=More Pet Owners Turn To Pet Chiropractors|date=May 10, 2011|work=KMGH-TV}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://animalchiropractic.org/certification_information.htm#Steps|title=Steps to Certification|publisher=American Veterinary Chiropractic Association|accessdate=29 December 2013}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avma.org/advocacy/state/issues/la_cavm_state_reg_models.asp |title=State Legislative Resources - Issues |publisher=www.avma.org |accessdate=2008-05-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417052553/http://www.avma.org/advocacy/state/issues/la_cavm_state_reg_models.asp |archivedate=April 17, 2008 }}

External links

  • American Veterinary Chiropractic Association
{{Chiropractic}}Chiropractic

2 : Chiropractic|Alternative veterinary medicine
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