| 词条 | VicRail N type carriage | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| background = | name = N type carriage | image = Vline n class train at lara victoria.jpg | imagesize = 300px | imagealt = | caption = N class locomotive hauling a five-car N type carriage set | interiorimage = | interiorimagealt = | interiorcaption = Interior of a refurbished BN type economy class carriage | service = 1981-current | manufacturer = Victorian Railways | ordernumber = | factory = Newport Workshops | family = | replaced = E type carriages | yearconstruction = 1981-1984 | yearservice = 1981 | refurbishment = 2007-2013 | yearscrapped = | numberconstruction= | numberbuilt = 57 | numberservice = 56 | numberpreserved = | numberscrapped = | formation = Originally BN-BN-ACN then BN-BRN-ACN, some sets with additional BZN & BTN cars. On standard gauge only, BN-BN-BDN-BRN-ACN. | diagram = B-14 (BN), B-15 (BRN), A-9 (ACN) | code = | fleetnumbers = BN 1-2, 4-5, 7-8, 10-11, 13-14, 16-17, 19, 22-23, 25-26, 28 & 55 BRN 20, 29, 31-32, 34-35, 37-38, 40-41, 43-44, 46-47, 49-50, 52-53 & 56 ACN 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54 & 57 BDN 6, 21 & 50 | capacity = 88 economy passengers (BN), 67 economy passengers (BRN), 52 1st class passengers (ACN) | operator = V/Line Passenger; previously V/Line. Also operated by V/Line on behalf of Hoys Roadlines | depots = Newport Workshops | lines = Geelong, Warrnambool, Swan Hill, Shepparton, Albury (standard gauge from 2007) & Bairnsdale Previously Ballarat, Horsham, Dimboola, Bendigo, Cobram & Numurkah | carbody = 22458mm | carlength = 22860mm | width = 2972mm | height = 4065mm | floorheight = | platformheight = | entrylevelorstep = | doors = | art-sections = Rubber corridor connectors | wheeldiameter = | wheelbase = 20046mm total; 4890mm per bogie | maxspeed = 115 km/h | weight = 44 tonnes (BRN),[1] 43 tonnes (BN & ACN)[2] | axleload = 11 tonnes (BRN), 10.75 tonnes (BN & ACN) | aux = | powersupply = 415vAC diesel alternators, later head-end power | hvac = | bogies = 16156mm centres | brakes = Westinghouse | coupling = Autocouplers | light = | gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft3in|lk=on}} & {{Track gauge|4ft8.5in|lk=on}} | notes = }} The N type carriages are an intercity passenger carriage used on the railways of Victoria, Australia. They were introduced between 1981 and 1984 as part of the 'New Deal' reforms of country passenger rail services. Today there are seen on both V/Line long distance InterCity services. The carriage sets have both first class 2+2 seating, and 2+3 economy seating. Snack bar facilities are also provided on board. Originally delivered as 3-car sets, some sets were extended in length with S and Z type carriages. Today the carriages are normally hauled by N class diesel locomotives. The carriages can use an external head end power supply for lighting and air conditioning operation. Each carriage has two swing doors per side, which were originally manually opened by passengers, but have since been converted to powered operation, and they are locked or unlocked by the conductor. Toilets, drinking fountains and luggage areas are provided throughout each carriage set. HistoryThe order for the N type carriages was placed in 1977 for 30 carriages (10 sets) for use on the Geelong line, with 6 cars added to the order in 1978 for the Ballarat line, due to a by-election in the city.[3] Under the New Deal of 1981 the order was extended to 54 carriages, and then to 57 due to cost savings during construction.[4] They were built between 1981 and 1984, based upon the structural design of the Victorian Z type carriages built between 1956 and 1960.[5] In 2007 V/Line commenced a refurbishment program for their existing H type carriages and Sprinter railcars,[6] this program later being extended to the N type carriages. In October 2007 the first refurbished N type carriage was released into traffic with the new V/Line grey exterior livery, as well as updated interior curtains and seat fabrics. As part of the Albury line upgrade some N carriages were converted to standard gauge. Three sets (consisting of 5 carriages and one power/luggage van) have already been formed, and they are named SN1, SN15 and SN16. ServicesN sets are used on lines including:
DesignThe design of the N-class carriages was based on the earlier Z-class ones, but with the benefit of thirty years of construction and design experience.[7] The first-class carriages were fitted with blue-wool seating and blue/grey carpets. The second-class carriages were furnished with orange seats and a russet (tan/brown) carpet. All materials were fire-retardant, and non-skid Pirelli flooring was fitted at the entrances and service areas; in blue to match the carpets in the first class areas, and in maroon for the second class areas. Following customer feedback, the seating arrangements in the economy cars were reorganised to place the centres of back-to-back seats in line with pillars between windows. Two-stage air-conditioning was fitted for summer, and heating elements placed underneath the carpet for winter. Those systems, along with those for lighting and announcements, were powered by three-phase alternators, fixed to the underframe of each carriage. These required refuelling, but were cheaper and more reliable than the axle-driven generators used most earlier vehicles. One unisex toilet was provided at the west end of each carriage, along with hot water for each wash basin, fed from a 635-litre pressurised tank. The system met the Environmental Protection Agency's requirements as they existed in 1981. Inter-carriage access diaphragms are constructed with rubber tubing, in place of the earlier method using canvas attached to steel frames. The doors for inter-carriage links were 3 ft (914mm) wide. BogiesThe bogies for the new cars were a new design, specifically prepared by Vickers Ruwolt. The suspension was based on coil springs, with a secondary cast bolster with spring plank, supported on swing links and coil springs. Each bogie weighed 7000 kg, with a wheelbase of 2,445mm and a maximum axle load of 14 tonnes, and were designed for operation at up to 130 km/h. Tread brakes were fitted, operated by Westinghouse model 250WF brake cylinders. The axle boxes utilised spherical roller bearings, and all parts of the bogie, except the wheels and axles themselves, were designed for conversion to standard gauge. This latter function was finally used in 2009 when the Mangalore to Albury line was converted to standard gauge. Power suppliesThe diesel alternator sets for the carriages provided 3-phase 415-volt alternating current power. Only 1 phase was required for operation, so the other two phases were available for backup or for load-sharing across other carriages - useful because the ACN and BN cars required 28 kW to operate and the BRN, with its additional functions, 40 kW. To accommodate the extra load, the ACN and BN were upgraded midway through construction to a 35kVA supply, and the programming reworked so that the BRN would not power adjacent cars. If all alternators were off, then the cars was able to take power from an external 240vAC power supply. Around the same time as these modifications were made, the alternator set supports were modified to reduce vibration, and the radiator fan motors' thermal overload switches were moved to reduce unnecessary tripping. At the end of the modifications, the system was organised so that in event of a power failure, the batteries mounted under the carriages would automatically reroute all power to the lights at the ends of the train to protect from oncoming traffic. Those lights could function for over ten hours, at the expense of air-conditioning and other functions.[8] The first six cars had plastic fuel pipes near the alternator units, but that was changed from car 7 onwards.[9] ConstructionThe N type carriages were the first cars to be built at Newport Workshops in over 20 years. Each carriage took over 20 weeks to construct, with a rolling production line to give one new carriage off the assembly line every fortnight. Weeks 1 to 7 involved the general structure - welding the shell and the underframe together and attaching the ends. Following that, the electrical fitout took four weeks, and the bogies were fitted after Week 11. A mineral fibre insulation was sprayed on internal surfaces between weeks 12-14, and then the final six weeks the internal fibreglass ceiling and wall sheets were fitted, along with carpet, seats, lighting, doors and other components, with a one-week trial at the end.[7] The cost was roughly $500,000 per carriage.[10] The total build time added to 16,500 man-hours per carriage, against 32,000 for the earlier Z type carriages. Additionally, the carriages are between five and eight tonnes heavier than comparable designs overseas, partially due to their being a compromise between regional and commuter type vehicles. On the other hand, they cost a mere $13,000 per seat, against $47,000 per seat for the XPT carriages being built for New South Wales Railways around the same time.[11] The shells of the carriages were constructed with Lyten Steel, selected for its high strength and anti-corrosion properties. The paint used externally is identical to aircraft mixes, both in domestic and overseas application. It has been suggested that the orange scheme for VicRail was selected due to spare lots of paint available cheaply when Ansett Australia changed from its orange scheme, but this has not been proven. The initial plan called for three-carriage sets of ACN-BN-BN, where the latter two cars in each set would be identical with second-class seating. By the time the New Deal was properly fleshed out other new carriages were deemed impractical, so after sets 1 through 6 had entered service, set 7 had the experimental BRN20 included in its consist with a modular buffet section. During the tests sets 8 and 9 entered service in the original configuration, then set 10 as ACN-BRN-BN, and sets 11 through 18 were constructed with two buffet cars; as they were released to service the most-recent of the ACN-BN-BN sets was recalled to Newport Workshops for a carriage swap, so that eventually all sets were of the ACN-BRN-BN configuration. (Set 19, added at the end of the project, was released as ACN-BRN-BN, just like set N10.) Most carriages were fitted with automatic couplers with an implicit agreement that sets would not be separated; one of the sets in the mid-1930s had drawbars fitted between its three carriages experimentally.[13] The automatic couplers were expected to be temporary, with scharfenberg couplers expected in June 1983 to replace them and the hard-wired electrical and pneumatic links between carriages. However, a derailment in late 2011 revealed that set SN1 on the standard gauge still had autocouplers between the carriages. A snapshot of the production line timeline is available in Newsrail, September 1982, p. 197. It lists sets N1 through N9 complete, with the carriages forming N10 through N14 at various stages of construction and fit-out, and the frames of the 43rd carriage being welded together as of 28 July 1982. Shell 19Carriage shell number 19 was delayed in construction as it was selected for the trial buffet module equipment. As a result, car 20 became BN19, and car 19 entered service as BRN20.[12] The car was also used to test alternative carriage side materials, such as corrugated stainless steel sheeting; this was eventually rejected and normal carriage side material was fitted in its place.[13] The buffet modules, developed by Smallwood & Leibert, were intended to fit through the carriage doorways and then be assembled in situ. The new carriage design was tested on daily return trips from Melbourne to Bendigo, with additional runs to Albury and Gippsland before it officially entered service.[14] In practice the module was too heavy for the carriage design and had to be modified, as the offset weight gave the body a lean of "almost three inches" - this was rectified by temporarily modifying the bogie spring layout.[15] BRN29, the next of the type to enter service, was reorganised with the buffet on the north side of the car (following east and west end convention), and at the end of the project BRN20 was modified to match the standard of the rest of the fleet. DetailsN type carriages are individually numbered in the 1 to 57 series. Sets were issued to traffic with three types of carriage:
The BRN cars were a late addition to the concept, and the majority had their final two windows on the buffet side merely painted over. BRN cars 20, 47 and 52 are the only ones known to have been built without those two windows.[16] From 1995 surplus Z type carriages were upgraded to N type interiors, with the following codes but with their original Z type numbers:
In 2009 a new code was introduced in conjunction with the formation of 'pure' 5-car N sets for standard gauge use:
In serviceVicRail & V/Line Orange Era (1981-1995)The first N sets introduced, N1 and N2, entered service on the Melbourne-bound train from South Geelong, at 6:50am on Monday October 5, 1981. The train split at Spencer Street station, with set N1 running to then from Horsham before forming an evening Geelong run, and set N2 running to Ballarat and return, then to South Geelong in the evening and shunting back to Geelong yard. On Saturday 10th one set ran to Spencer Street then formed a return Horsham (same as weekdays, excluding South Geelong), while the other set ran four return Geelong trips. On Sunday 11th both sets were coupled, for a Geelong to Spencer St run, then a return Bendigo and Swan Hill run, then back to Geelong. Set N3 entered service on one of the five Warrnambool/Ballarat/Shepparton rosters, replacing a set of cars CE-AS-BEa/c-BW; those cars were split, with the AS to a Gippsland set and the BEac to a Numurkah set. Set N4 then became the first "spare" N roster, available for service form 19 May 1982 if one of the other three was unable to run for any reason.[18] The fifth set entered service on 19 June, running Tuesdays to Friday on the 7am from Ballarat to Spencer Street with the return departure at 5:58pm. The set also ran a Horsham 9:30am outbound, 4:15pm inbound on Saturdays, and joined the existing Horsham train for extra capacity on Sundays. The plan as at early 1982 was for all 54 carriages (not yet 57) to be in service by the end of 1983, running services to Warrnambool, Horsham, Shepparton, Geelong and some Bendigo services. All other services were to be provided by the existing S, Z and airconditioned E carriages, plus interurban Comeng type trains running to Traralgon. All carriages were to be formed into semi-fixed 3 or 4-car sets, with schedules built around standard consists to keep runs fast and simple. Additionally, all sets were to include only one conductor/guard van, rather than one each end, to maximise capacity for length and weight of each train set. The roster at the time worked with fourteen interurban trains (plus four on the electrified eastern region), so that would allow enough N sets spare and in rostered maintenance.[19] As of June 1982, the roster included four N sets in service, N3 through N6, with one spare and one undergoing modifications. At the time, set N7 was due to be introduced on the Gippslander run to Bairnsdale on the week beginning 31 May; N8 and N9 had already entered service, and were stabled at Ballarat and Bendigo respectively, and had replaced CE-AS-BEac-BWL sets. The AS cars went to Ballarat Workshops for rebuilding, and the airconditioned BE cars replaced non-airconditioned cars in other sets. Further rebalancing of stock allowed the N sets to run on Dimboola trains, as accelerated schedules made return trips practical.[20] The fleet roster at the time was expected to last at least until the end of October, at which point half of the N cars would have been delivered. An excerpt of the roster "N9" (i.e. the 9th roster post New Deal) as printed in the September 1982 Newsrail is provided below, showing the N car runs. Aside from these seven entries, a further 30 runs were scheduled, most including at least one airconditioned carriage. "SSS" is shorthand for Spencer Street station, meaning the platforms and not indicating the shunt in or out of yards.
The first regular BRN roster was scheduled for Warrnambool, starting November 1982. Around the same time, the proposals for Comeng interurban trains for the Traralgon line were dropped, as they would not have been available until 1986; and so concepts for further carriages following the delivery of the 54 N cars were being prepared.[20] In practice the further order never developed. V/Line Passenger Red Era (1995-2007)All N type carriages were transferred across to V/Line Passenger when the country rail operator was split between freight and passenger divisions in 1995. V/Line Passenger Grey Era (2007-Current)Since then various complete sets have been released from refurbishment (VN4, FN6, VN12, FN13, FN14, VN17). Carriage setsThe N cars appear in fixed sets not altered in ordinary service. The sets are numbered between 1 and 19. Initially issued to service as 3-car sets, from 1995 additional cars of the BCZ, ACZ, BS, BZN or BTN type were attached to give longer sets. Additional cars may also be temporarily attached or detached to a set without the set code being altered.
The original plan was for 10, then 18 three car sets each of BN-BN-ACN; but when the cars needed on-board food supplies, set N07 had car BRN20 fitted with a buffet module in place of about 20 seats at the east end. Sets N08 and N09 were released as normal BN-BN-ACN sets while N07 was trialled, and when it was deemed a success and followed by N10 as BN-BRN-ACN, sets N11 through N18 were built as BRN-BRN-ACN. Then, as each set was made ready for service, the newest BN-BN-ACN set was recalled to the workshops for mixing cars, so that all sets ended up as BN-BRN-ACN. Set N19, built at the end of the program, was released as BN-BRN-ACN from the start, and at the end of the program BRN20 returned to the workshops for modifications to match the rest of the fleet. Set historyNote: Colours are representative only, and do not directly correlate to liveries worn in the era. Also, the zero prefix in sets 1-9 below are incorrect but useful for sorting and searching purposes.
Image galleryModel railwaysHO ScaleAs of July 2013, only HO scale plastic models of the N-series carriages are available (although there have been brass models released in the past), produced by Auscision Models.[97] Each set contains one each of the ACN, BRN and BN cars, plus a D louvre van thought to have run on occasion with that consist. No Z type cars, spare N cars or PCJ power vans have been made available in ready-to-run plastic. A second run was released in July 2016, though manufacturing price increases have lifted a set to $550.00ea. Sets VPS-09 (N8), VPS-10 (N16) and VPS-16 (N15) had already sold out prior to delivery.
N ScaleAt time of writing, no ready-to-run N scale models of the N type carriages are available. References1. ^Bray, Vincent & Gregory, Steel & Special Coaching Stock of Victoria, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-9775056-8-5}}, p.106 2. ^Bray, Vincent & Gregory, Steel & Special Coaching Stock of Victoria, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-9775056-8-5}}, p.57 & p.104 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p768576.htm#768576|work=Railpage Australia Forums|title=Discussion on FSH21|publisher=www.railpage.com.au|accessdate=2008-06-12}} 4. ^{{cite magazine |date=October 2006 | title = 'New Deal' for County Passengers - 25 years on | author = Scott Martin and Chris Banger |magazine= Newsrail | publisher = Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division) |page=319 }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doi.vic.gov.au/DOI/DOIElect.nsf/$UNIDS+for+Web+Display/40CE459DD872052DCA2573EF00111115/$FILE/OCI-Report2007-09-Kerang.pdf|title=Level Crossing Collision V/Line Passenger Train 8042 and a Truck Near Kerang, Victoria 5 June 2007|work=Chief Investigator, Transport and Marine Safety Investigations|accessdate=2008-03-16}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/955cbeae7df9460dca256c8c00152d2b/56769d574d6b77c0ca257354007f40c1!OpenDocument|title=Media Release: NEW LOOK V/LINE FLEET TAKES TO THE TRACKS|publisher=www.dpc.vic.gov.au|accessdate=2008-03-16}} 7. ^1 Newsrail, February 1982, p.4 8. ^Newsrail June 1982 p.112 9. ^Newsrail September 1982 p.216 10. ^Newsrail June 1982 p.127 11. ^Newsrail August 1982, p.190 12. ^Newsrail September 1982, p.196 13. ^1 Newsrail April 1982 p.76 14. ^Newsrail June 1982 p.126 15. ^Newsrail May 1983 p.102 16. ^Bray, Vincent & Gregory, Steel & Special Coaching Stock of Victoria, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-9775056-8-5}}, p.107 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://wongm.railgeelong.com/gallery/search/bdn|title=Wongm's Rail Gallery - BDN carriages|publisher=wongm.railgeelong.com|accessdate=2009-11-16}} 18. ^Newsrail August 1982, p.176 19. ^Newsrail, February 1982, p.7 20. ^1 Newsrail September 1982 p.201 21. ^1 http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=FN&number=1 22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 http://vicsig.net/passenger/operation/airshow2005 23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=SN&number=15 24. ^1 2 http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=SN&number=16 25. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=FN&number=2 26. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=N&number=3 27. ^http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p925106.htm#925106 28. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=FN&number=3 29. ^http://vicsig.net/passenger/operation/airshow2009 30. ^https://www.flickr.com/photos/dermis50/12149136953/in/album-72157640172672234/ 31. ^https://www.flickr.com/photos/dermis50/12149136953/in/album-72157640172672234/ 32. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=N&number=4 33. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=N&number=4 34. ^https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p391248.htm#391248 35. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/12341 36. ^http://cdn.newsapi.com.au/image/v1/21674dfbce9323945e66e0100231b071?width=1024 37. ^http://vicsig.net/photo/20690 38. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/986 39. ^http://vicsig.net/photo/8172 40. ^1 2 3 4 5 http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p1804466.htm#1804466 41. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=N&number=7 42. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=SN&number=1 43. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=N&number=7 44. ^http://vicsig.net/passenger/operation/airshow2007 45. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=SN&number=1 46. ^https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p915024.htm#915024 47. ^https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p898656.htm#898656 48. ^http://railpage.com.au:443/f-p1167315.htm#1167315 49. ^http://vicsig.net/passenger/photos/20070825-nps-acn21.jpg 50. ^https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p896535.htm#896535 51. ^https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p918299.htm#918299 52. ^https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p394931.htm 53. ^http://vicsig.net/photo/5252 54. ^http://vicsig.net/photo/9322 55. ^1 https://www.flickr.com/photos/dermis50/19894445710/in/album-72157634997413334/ 56. ^1 2 http://vicsig.net/photo/15804 57. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/7231 58. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=FN&number=9 59. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=FN&number=9 60. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/16604 61. ^http://vicsig.net/passenger/operation/airshow2007 62. ^http://vicsig.net/passenger/operation/airshow2007 63. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/7229 64. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/4528 65. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/6798 66. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=FN&number=11 67. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/8986 68. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/8565 69. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=vN&number=12 70. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/4497 71. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/8173 72. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=FN&number=13 73. ^1 Newsrail July 1997 p.225 74. ^1 2 3 4 http://vicsig.net/photo/7504 75. ^1 https://railgallery.wongm.com/vline-new-livery/D451_5166.jpg.html 76. ^https://railgallery.wongm.com/vline-southern-cross/D783_8318.jpg.html 77. ^https://railgallery.wongm.com/vline-southern-cross/D461_6104.jpg.html 78. ^https://railgallery.wongm.com/vline-new-livery/X153_5349.jpg.html 79. ^https://railgallery.wongm.com/vline-new-livery/X153_5351.jpg.html 80. ^https://railgallery.wongm.com/vline-new-livery/X153_5353.jpg.html 81. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/8433 82. ^1 http://www.railpage.org.au/vr/newsDetail.php?id=10&year=2006 83. ^https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p394931.htm 84. ^http://vicsig.net/photo/19343 85. ^http://vicsig.net/photo/19342 86. ^1 2 3 4 https://www.facebook.com/groups/VictorianRailwayEnthusiasts/permalink/1134212433281444/ 87. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=VN&number=18 88. ^http://vicsig.net/photo/8836 89. ^https://www.flickr.com/photos/notinservice/7899972142/ 90. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=VN&number=18 91. ^https://www.flickr.com/photos/notinservice/7899972142/ 92. ^1 http://vicsig.net/photo/20602 93. ^https://www.flickr.com/photos/notinservice/7899972142/ 94. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=N&number=19 95. ^1 2 3 4 http://vicsig.net/photo/8577 96. ^http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=FN&number=14 97. ^http://www.auscisionmodels.com.au/N%20Car%20Page.htm External links{{commons category|N type carriage}}
1 : Victorian Railways carriages |
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