词条 | Vienna Declaration (drug policy) |
释义 |
The Vienna Declaration (2010) was a call for evidence-based drug policies prompted by the failure of traditional drug policies in the HIV/AIDS pandemic. BackgroundThe Vienna Declaration was published in July 2010 prior to the XVIII International AIDS Conference, 2010 (AIDS 2010),[1] which took place on 18–23 July 2010.[2] The conference's focus was on human rights and its quintessential role in HIV/AIDS pandemic response.[3] The Vienna Declaration was the second formal declaration in an International AIDS Conference, the first was the Durban Declaration (2000).[1] The declaration was a communal effort by: the International AIDS Society, the International Centre for Science in Drug Policy (ICSDP), and the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS.[4] The Lancet published a copy of the Vienna Declaration text along with a series of articles and comments on HIV in people who use drugs within the same period of the declaration's release.[5] It initially had its own website (www.viennadelcaration.com) which contained: statements of support, an overview of the declaration. The website has since been taken down. By the end of the conference, the Vienna Declaration had 12,725 signatures.[1][6] In 2010, human rights and universal access in HIV/AIDS responses were the central focus of HIV/AIDS organizations, governments, stakeholders, etc.[3] The 1988 IV International AIDS Conference marked a shift — biomedical to social, political, economic, and human rights — in the perspective from which HIV/AIDS was viewed.[1] Target 6.B of the Millennium Development Goals set 2010 as the target year for universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and services.[7] The Declaration of Commitment (2001) set 2010 as a target year to meet specified population goals.[8] The Political Declaration of Commitment (2006) emphasized the importance of government participation, in addition to all other organizations, agencies and individual, in creating an environment conducive to HIV/AIDS prevention, intervention, and services by ensuring human rights and individual freedoms.[9] The global economic recession that took place close to 2010 reduced the amount of public funding given towards HIV/AIDS organizations and causes.[3] Vienna DeclarationThe declaration listed the harms of the traditional, punitive drug policies and offered drug-policy recommendations in the harm reduction category as alternatives. Harms of traditional drug policiesFinancialThe "War on Drugs" drug control policy was a failure, money spent was not only wasted but served to actually cause more damage to society.[10][11][12] A macroeconomic black drug market – valued at $320 billion a year, or the 21st economy in the world – emerged because of traditional drug policies.[10][13] Social and human rightsThe criminalization of drug users has led to the highest global incarceration rates, in which racial disparities at the disproportionately-targeting hands of drug-law enforcement are evident. The incarceration rates change entire community social structures, and in turn functions.[10][14] Severe human rights violations have been committed at the expense of punitive drug control methods. Individuals have been forced to trade portions of their civil rights in exchange for security.[10][13] Health and HIVThe criminalization of drug users — and their subsequent institutionalization — increases the amount, severity and frequency of HIV epidemics within that cohort. The epidemics are exacerbated because institutions have little to no HIV prevention services.[10] References1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.aids2014.org/webcontent/file/History_of_the_International_AIDS_Conference.pdf|title=History of the International AIDS Conference|last=|first=|date=|website=AIDS2014|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=5 February 2019}} 2. ^Global Commission on Drug Policy. The War on Drugs and HIV/AIDS: How the Criminalization of Drug Use Fuels the Global Pandemic. Geneva, Switzerland: Global Commission on Drug Policy, 2012. Web. 5 February 2019. 3. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/meetings/2010/aids2010/en/|title=XVIII International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2010)|last=|first=|date=|website=World Health Organization|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=5 February 2019}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Montaner|first=Michaela|date=October 2010|title=The Vienna declaration: a call for drug policy reform.|journal=HIV/AIDS Policy Law Review|volume=15|issue=1|pages=36–7|pmid=21413619}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=July 20, 2010|title=HIV in people who use drugs|url=https://www.thelancet.com/series/hiv-in-people-who-use-drugs|journal=The Lancet|volume=376|pages=|via=The Lancet}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Beyrer|first=Chris|date=16 May 2011|title=The Golden Crescent and HIV/AIDS in Central Asia: Deadly Interactions|journal=An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice|volume=6|issue=5|pages=570–576|doi=10.1080/17441692.2011.572080|pmid=21590558}} 7. ^"[https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27727/mdg-introduction.pdf United Nations Millennium Development Goals.]" United Nations, United Nations, Sept. 2000, 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://data.unaids.org/publications/irc-pub03/aidsdeclaration_en.pdf|title=Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (2001)|last=|first=|date=|website=UNAIDS|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=5 February 2019}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2006|title=Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS (2006), universal access process, and civil society engagement|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/basedocument/2007/070216_hhr_2_universalaccesscivilsociety.pdf|journal=UNAIDS|volume=|pages=|via=UNAIDS}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=Evan|last2=Werb|first2=Dan|last3=Kerr|first3=Thomas|last4=Kazatchkine|first4=Michel|last5=Hankins|first5=Catherine|last6=Gorna|first6=Gorna|last7=Nutt|first7=David|last8=Des Jarlais|first8=Don|last9=Barre-Sinoussi|first9=Francoise|date=July 20, 2010|title=Vienna Declaration: a call for evidence-based drug policies|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)60958-0/fulltext#rel6579bef7-5b75-4233-bc6b-5a5dda60726a|journal=The Lancet|volume=376|issue=9738|pages=310–312|via=The Lancet|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60958-0|pmid=20650517}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Reuter|first=Peter|date=17 March 2009|title=Ten years after the United Nationals General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS): assessing drug problems, policies and reform proposals.|journal=Addiction|volume=104|issue=4|pages=510–517|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02536.x|pmid=19335650}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Degenhardt|first=Louisa|date=1 July 2008|title=Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Finding from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys|journal=PLOS|volume=5|issue=7|pages=e141|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141|pmid=18597549|pmc=2443200}} 13. ^1 United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, [https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/CND_Sessions/CND_52/Regular_Session/E-CN7-2009-CRP4_E.pdf Organized Crime and its Threat to Security: Tackling a disturbing consequence of drug control] (Vienna: United Nations, 2009). 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=Evan|last2=Marshall|first2=Brandon DL|last3=Montaner|first3=Julio SG|last4=Kerr|first4=Thomas|date=March 11, 2009|title=The war on drugs: a devastating public-policy disaster|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60455-4/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|volume=373|issue=9668|pages=989–990|via=The Lancet|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60455-4|pmid=19282025}} 4 : Drug policy reform|International AIDS Conferences|2010 controversies|2010 documents |
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