| 词条 | Narayana |
| 释义 |
| type = Hindu | image = Badami Cave Temples 51.jpg | caption = A depiction of Lord Narayana at Badami cave temples | name = Narayana | Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Nārāyaṇa}} | mantra = ॐ नमो नारायणाय | texts = Vedas | abode = Vaikuntha | affiliation = Deva, Trimurti | weapon = Chakra, Gada, Padma, Sankh | mount = Garuda }} Narayana (Sanskrit: नारायण, IAST: Nārāyaṇa), is known as Nirgun Bhram and is the creator of Tridevas-Bhrama(Divya Rajas),Vishnu(Divya Satya),and Mahesh(Divya Tamas). He is sometimes considered same as God Vishnu but is different as he is Nirguna (without form) and God Vishnu has Divya Satva Guna. He is also known as "The Purusha" and is considered Supreme in Yogic Tradition. He is also "Guru of the Universe". The Bhagavata Purana and Veda declares Narayana as a part of the Trimurti who creates unlimited universes and enters each one of them. [1]. Narayana engages in the creation of 14 worlds within the universe as Brahma when he deliberately accepts rajas guna according to Brahmanism. Narayana himself sustains, maintains and preserves the universe as Vishnu by accepting sattva guna. In Shaivism, Narayana annihilates the universe at the end of maha-kalpa as Shiva or Rudra when he accepts tamas guna. Bhagavata Purana Canto 2 Chapter 5 Verse Bhagavata Purana Canto 11 Chapter 4 Verse 5 Vishnu Purana. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Narayana Sukta, Purush Sukta and Sri Sukta from Vedas, the ultimate soul. He is also called as Surya Narayana, one who shines like the brilliant sun. Bhagavata Purana (12.12.56): "Narayanam Devam adevam isam - Lord Narayana, (12.13.16): Just as the river Ganges is the greatest of all rivers, Lord Achyuta (Narayana) the supreme among deities (devas) and Lord Shambhu (Shiva) the greatest of Vaishnavas, so Bhagavata Purana is the greatest of all Puranas. He is said to pervade whatever is seen or heard in this universe from inside and outside alike. {{cite web |url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_vishhnu/narayana-sukta.html |title=Narayana Sukta |last= |first= |publisher= |website=Sanskrit Documents |access-date=2018-12-05}} He is also mainly associated with the cosmic waters of creation. According to Madhvacharya, Narayana is one of the five vyuhas of Vishnu, which are cosmic emanations of God in contrast to his incarnate avatars. Bryant, Edwin F., Krishna: a Sourcebook. p.359 "Madhvacharya separates Vishnu’s manifestations into two groups: Vishnu’s vyuhas (emanations) and His avataras (incarnations). The vyuhas have their basis in the Pancharatra agamas, a sectarian text that was accepted as authoritative by both the Vishishtadvaita and Madhva schools of Vedanta. They are mechanisms by which the universe is ordered, was created, and evolves. According to Madhvacharya, Vishnu has either four or five vyuhas, named Narayana, Vasudeva, Sankarshana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha, which evolve one after the other in the development of the universe. DescriptionIn the Vedas and Puranas, Lord Narayana is described as having the divine blue colour of water-filled clouds, four-armed, holding a padma (lotus flower), Kaumodaki (mace), Panchajanya shankha (conch) and the Sudarshana Chakra (discus). Lord Narayana is also often identified as Sharangapani, Vishnu, Hari, Purushottama or Purusha and Jagannath in the Hindu sacred texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, the Vedas and the Puranas[2]. Narayana is also venerated as Mukunda[3] (giver of Moksha, liberation from cycle of births and deaths in the material world). In the Mahabharata, Krishna is often referred to as Narayana and Arjuna as Nara.[4] The epic identifies them both in plural 'Krishnas', or as part incarnations of the earlier incarnations of Vishnu, recalling their mystical identity as Nara-Narayana.[5] Narayana is also described in the Bhagavad Gita as having a universal form (Vishvarupa) which is beyond the ordinary limits of human perception or imagination.[6] Narayana's eternal and supreme abode beyond the material universe is Vaikuntha which is a realm of bliss and happiness called Paramapadha, which means final or highest place for liberated souls, where they enjoy bliss and happiness for eternity in the company of supreme lord. Vaikuntha is situated beyond the material universe and hence, cannot be perceived or measured by material science or logic.[7] Sometimes, Ksheera Sagara where Narayana or Vishnu rests on Ananta Shesha is also perceived as Vaikuntha within the material universe. There are seven weapons and symbols of Narayana, namely: conch, discus (sudarshana chakra), club, bow, sword, jewel (kaustubha mani) and a garland of flowers (vanamala). Balabhadra and Narayana are mighty half brothers, who appear nine times in each half of the time cycles of the Jain cosmology and jointly rule half the earth as half-chakravarti. Ultimately Prati-naryana is killed by Narayana for his unrighteousness and immorality. Narayana are extremely powerful and are as powerful as 2 Balabhadras. Chakravartins are as powerful as 2 Narayanas. Hence Narayanas become half-chakravartins. Tirthankaras are much more powerful than Chakravartins. In Jain Mahabharta, there is a friendly duel between cousin brothers Neminatha (Tirthankara) and Krishna (Naryana) in which Neminath defeats Krishna without any effort at all. There is also a story of Neminath lifting Conch of Krishna and blowing it without any effort. In Jain Mahabharat, the main fight between Krishna and Jarasandha is described, who is killed by Krishna. Ancient TextsLord Narayana is hailed in each and every part of Vedas like, Shatarudriyam, Purusha Suktam, Narayana Suktam, Hiranyagarbha Suktam, Vishnu Suktam, Rudra Suktam. Lord Narayana is also hailed in the Upanishads like, Narayana Upanishad, Isopanishad, Chandogya Upanishad, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Mundaka Upanishad, Mandukya Upanishad, Katha Upanishad, Kenopanishad, Prasna Upanishad, Svetasvatara Upanishad, Maha Narayana Upanishad, Narasimha Tapani Upanishad.[8] EtymologyThere are multiple variations of Lord Narayana's name. The word 'Narayana' means "The one who rests on waters of creation". The Manusmriti states, The waters are called "narah", for the waters are, indeed, produced by Nara-Narayana (the first Being); as they were his first residence "ayana", he is called Narayana.[9] Narayana also means, "The Supreme Being who is the foundation of all men".[10] Another interpretation sees, Nara means "human" and Ayana as "direction/goal". Some view Narayana as meaning "son of man." Hence, Narayana refers to the "direction of a human" (towards moksha). Nara means "Human" and Ayana also means "Shelter" so Narayana means, shelter of all human beings. The Narayana Upanishad reads: Om Namo Narayanayeti mantra upasaka Vaikuntha bhuvanam gamishyati,[11] In Sanskrit, The word 'Nara' can also refer to a man, male or a person[12]. Narayana is spoken of in the scriptures as being parabrahman, paramatma parameshwar parashakti and parajyothi which are all ways of saying "absolute" or "supreme". In the Vedas, it is written, "Narayana parabrahman tatvam Narayana paraha" which points to how Narayana is essentially the supreme force and/or essence of all.[13] {{gallery|mode=packed|File:Narayan Temple on Narayanhiti palace premises 01.jpg|Narayan Temple on Narayanhiti palace premises, Kathmandu, Nepal |File:Sridhar Narayan statue.jpg|Oldest Sridhar Narayan statue at Naksaal, Kathmandu |image:Royal Barges National Museum - 2014-02-25 - 004.jpg|The bow of Royal Barge Narai Song Suban HM Rama IX of Thailand, it carved a image of Narayana ride a Garuda |file:Bangkok National Museum - 2017-04-22 (43).jpg|Idol of Narayana around 14/15th century, found at the Devasathan, inner Bangkok, Thailand |image:Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg|Idol of Narayana ride a Garuda in front of InterContinental Bangkok, Phloen Chit Road, it is one of the most respected Hindu shrines in the Ratchaprasong neighbourhood alike Erawan Shrine |image:Indian - The Recumbent Vishnu and the Creation of Brahma - Walters W906.jpg|Drawing of sleeping Narayana on Sheshanaga while the four-headed Brahma springs from his navel |file:Bangkok Airport 06.JPG|Statue of Narayana in Thai art style stands on Mount Mandara within Suvarnabhumi Airport, Samut Prakan, Thailand |file:Bangkok National Museum - 2017-04-22 (016).jpg|Lintel depicting Narayana sleeping upon the Sheshanaga in the middle of Milky Ocean, Bangkok National Museum }} See also{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
References1. ^Bhagavata Purana Canto 2 Chapter 5 Verse 16-18 2. ^Bhagavad Gita (15.18): Because I am transcendental, beyond the fallible and the infallible, and because I am the greatest, I am celebrated both in the world and in the Vedas as that Supreme Person (Purushottama) 3. ^Name No. 515 in Vishnu Sahasranama 4. ^Vaisnavism Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar. Published by Asian Educational Services, p.46. 5. ^{{cite book |author=Hiltebeitel, Alf |authorlink=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=The ritual of battle: Krishna in the Mahābhārata |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=1990 |pages= |isbn=0-7914-0249-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=vwWGX08JAx8C&pg=PA61 p61] 6. ^{{cite web |url = http://vedabase.net/bg/11/3/en1 |title = Bhagavad-gita As It Is Chapter 11 Verse 3 |publisher = vedabase.net |accessdate = 2008-05-10 |last = Prabhupada |first = AC Bhaktivedanta |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515014652/http://vedabase.net/bg/11/3/en1 |archivedate = 15 May 2008 |df = dmy-all }} "see the cosmic manifestation" 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/062003/vaikuntha.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515224306/http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/062003/vaikuntha.htm |archivedate=15 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }} 8. ^{{Cite web|title = Narayanastra – Defending Vaishnavism as the supreme Vedic position|url = http://narayanastra.blogspot.in/|website = narayanastra.blogspot.in|accessdate = 2015-10-21}} 9. ^Manu Smruti 1:10 " The Law Code of Manu", Published by Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-280271-2}}, page 11, also, The Laws of Manu in the 21st Century by Pt. Sri Rama Ramanuja Acharya, page 6 10. ^Harivansh, Adhyay 88 shlock 44, also, Manu Smruti 1:10 " The Law Code of Manu", Published by Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-280271-2}}, page 11 11. ^http://www.sathyasaiottawa.org/pdf/Vedam/Narayana_Upanishad.pdf 12. ^http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=nara&script=&direction=SE&link=yes 13. ^{{Cite web|title = ॥ नारायणसूक्तम् सार्थ ॥ - .. Narayana Sukta .. - Sanskrit Documents|url = http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_vishhnu/narayana-sukta.html?lang=sa|website = sanskritdocuments.org|accessdate = 2015-10-21}} External links{{commons category|Sheshasayi Vishnu}}
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