| 词条 | Virgin Media Television (Ireland) |
| 释义 |
| name = Virgin Media Television | logo = Virgin Media Television.svg | trading_name = | former_name = TV3 Television Network Ltd. (legal name until August 2018) TV3 Group (trade name until August 2018) | type = Public/Limited | genre = | foundation = 20 September 1998 | founder = Ossie Kilkenny, Paul McGuinness, James Morris and John Kelleher | location_city = Ballymount, Dublin | location_country = Ireland | location = | locations = | area_served = The entire island of Ireland; Ireland and the constituent country/autonomous province of Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom also rest of the world (via internet, satellite, digital and analogue services) | key_people = Pat Kiely | industry = Broadcasting | products = Television services transmission e-publishing (teletext & web) commercial telecoms services | services = | revenue = €57.4 million (2009)[1][2][3] | operating_income = | net_income = | assets = | equity = | owner = Liberty Global | num_employees = 250 (2015[4]) | parent = Virgin Media Ireland | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = {{URL|https://www.virginmediatelevision.ie/}} | footnotes = }}Virgin Media Television Ltd (formerly known as TV3 Television Network Ltd; previously traded as the TV3 Group until August 2018) is a commercial TV network in Ireland, based in Dublin. Launched in 1998 as TV3 Television Network, the TV3 Group was formed in January 2009. The company was acquired by Liberty Global in 2015, and the channels were rebranded to Virgin Media Television in 2018.[5] Channels
HistoryVirgin Media Television (previously TV3 Television Network Ltd and later TV3 Group) is operated by Virgin Media Ireland and owned by Liberty Global. Under its previous operations TV3 Television Network Ltd and later the TV3 Group; the company was owned by different companies including Canwest, Granada and Doughty Hanson & Co. The initial company TV3 Television Network Ltd was established in the early 1990s as a response to the development of the IRTC in October 1998. The former broadcasting regular Independent Radio & Television Commission (now the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland) was created to regulate broadcasting in Ireland. In 1990 following an invitation by the IRTC to seek interests from independent broadcasters, a consortium (Tullamore Beta Ltd) came together to launch the Republic of Ireland's first independent channel and third terrestrial channel. The launch of TV3 was delayed and the licence was revoked due to this delay. Following a court case, the license was eventually restored in 1993. It was agreed that 49% of the company would be sold to UTV, to raise much-needed cash for investment in facilities. By 1995, UTV decided not to partner up with Tullamore Beta and instead focused on its own channels being made available through digital television providers in Ireland. In 1997, Canadian communications company Canwest bought a major stake in the new company in order to help launch the independent network. Canwest: 1998–2001By 1998, Canwest was already a major owner of television and radio stations across a number of territories including Canada, New Zealand and Australia. The consortium Tullamore Beta and Canwest launched TV3 on 20 September 1998. However, in 2001 Canwest confirmed it would sell a stake to ITV plc. Canwest & ITV: 2001–2006In September 2000, Granada Media plc (a predecessor company of ITV plc which then owned six ITV franchises) agreed to acquire 45% of the company from the original TV3 consortium. This was part of a deal which gave TV3 the right to simulcast with ITV certain Granada programming. The Granada plc shareholding was taken over by ITV plc upon the merger of Granada with Carlton on 2 February 2004. In early 2001, the station officially launched threetext, the teletext service, much of the content from Thomas Crosbie Media. Test transmissions of this service commenced in late 2000, but as early as 1999 limited programming content was provided. However, in 2004, the news and sports were dropped as part of a rebranding to an 'entertainment portal'. On 16 January 2006, Canwest announced to TV3 staff, that it was selling its stake in the channel,[6] in an effort to reduce its debt. Following this announcement on 19 May 2006 it was confirmed that Doughty Hanson & Co, a venture capital firm based in Luxembourg had purchased the stakes of Canwest (for €103 million) and ITV Plc's stake (for €103 million),[7] and the remaining 10% (for €59 million). Doughty Hanson & Co: 2006–2015In 2006, the companies new owner Doughty Hanson & Co. arranged a loan through Anglo Irish Bank to take control of the company through Tullamore Beta Ltd. Under this ownership Doughty Hanson tried to move beyond television broadcasting and showed interest in acquiring a radio broadcasting license under the branding More FM,[8] however the licence was granted to Classic Hits 4FM. By 2008, the company expanded its channel portfolio with the acquisition of Kish Media then owners of Channel Channel 6.[9] Channel 6 was later refocused under the TV3 Group branding and renamed 3e<.[9] By January 2008, the TV3 Group composed of TV3, 3e, tv3.ie and 3Player. Doughty Hanson & Co came together with Eircom to produce a consortium to establish Ireland's commercial digital terrestrial television subscription service then titled Onevision. Following a tender process the BAI deemed the consortium unsuccessful despite Onevision planning to launch additional TV3 branded channels (3Today and 3XPOSÉ).[10] By 2011, the broadcaster planned its commitment to high definition broadcasting technologies and the company laid down plans to establish a HD studio, which was eventually launched in Spring 2013 at cost of €5 million.[11] The studio was developed to produce key programming in HD and offering independent companies and public broadcasters the opportunity to make use of the new studios.[12] By 2015, Doughty Hanson & Co confirmed it planned on selling the TV3 Group; as the holding company decided to abandon television broadcasting. Virgin Media Ireland: 2015–presentDespite speculation from different companies seeking interest in the TV3 Group, by mid-2015 it was confirmed Liberty Global would purchase the company through its Irish subsidiary Virgin Media Ireland. Doughty Hanson & Co sold the company for €80 million and an additional €7 million should the "group" meet certain targets. The acquisition of TV3 was approved by the CPCC in November 2015 and it was passed to then Minister for Communications, Alex White, for approval which he gave in December 2015. CEO David McRedmond announced that he was to leave the company by the end of 2015.[13] Expanding its channel portfolio, Liberty Global went onto purchase UTV Ireland from ITV plc for €10 million.[14] On 17 November 2016 UTV Ireland was taken over by the TV3 Group. The channel was rebranded in January 2017. By late 2017; Virgin Media Ireland confirmed it would rebrand its channel portfolio, however, this was delayed[15] until summer 2018. On August 30, 2018 Virgin Media Television completed its rebranding strategy. Present servicesBroadcasting
Virgin Media PlayerTV3's Video on Demand (VOD) relaunched on Saturday 8 October 2011.[16] 3Player[17] replaces the original TV3 Catch-Up service previously available at tv3.ie and through its iPhone/iPad app. The new service was revealed at a press call on Friday 7 October 2011. It is estimated by the TV3 Group that the service will be worth about €7.5 million by 2015. 3Player is in HTML5 format which makes it available on the majority of operating systems. In May 2013, TV3 confirmed [18] that it now seeks its users to register with the company. Registered 3player users will be able to create playlists of their favourite shows and use their logins to pick up where they left off across all devices. 3 Player relaunched as "Virgin Media Player" in August 2018, to coincide with the rebranding of TV3 to Virgin Media Television. OnlineTV3 launched a basic and standardized website in 2000 at tv3.ie,[19] this website only provided basic information such as a programme guide, TV listings and corporate information. This website was revamped in 2006[20] and again in 2008.[21] In 2009, tv3.ie started investing in its online brand. The website relaunched featuring an on-demand service 3Player, TV listings, programme information, news, showbiz, sport, weather, dating, fashion, competitions and other features. On 13 May 2013 the channel overhauled its entire tv3.ie website which now includes a new hourly online video news service that will run alongside its on-air output. The revamped website provides viewers with up-to-date current affairs, entertainment news, sport, fashion, dating, specialized content and more. With the rebranding of the entire TV3 Group in August 2018, the website address changed to "virginmediatelevision.ie", with a whole new look. Mobile ApplicationsOn Friday 24 September 2010 TV3 launched its iPhone application.[22] The service is free to download and offers TV3 viewers the opportunity to watch TV3 content including news, showbiz and sport. It also supplies audiences with an on-demand catch-up service which allows its viewers to watch streamed content.[23] PublishingVirgin Media Television publish Xposé Magazine every month, based on their daily entertainment show of the same name. Virgin Media Television HD StudioOn 14 September 2012, the TV3 Group confirmed a new HD studios in Ballymount, Dublin. The studio officially opened in March 2013.[24] TV3 Group confirmed it signed a partnership deal with Sony International.[25] As part of a multi-year deal, the studio will be named Sony HD Studio Dublin. TV3 also reinstated its commitment to launching a HD channel. The new HD studios will be used for current programming with TV3 News and other shows permanently moving to the new studios. TV3 Group will also offer independent production companies and international production companies the opportunity to use its facilities for future productions. TV3 Sony HD Studio Dublin is the largest TV studio in Ireland. From 2016 Virgin Media Ireland took over sponsorship of the HD Studios - they are now known as the TV3-Virgin Media HD Studios.[12] In August 2018, the facility became known as the "Virgin Media Television HD Studio". ProposalsOn 16 September 2012, it was reported by the Sunday Independent that TV3 is to launch two channels on Saorview.[26] As of 2018 these channel have not launched. According to a report into commercial DTT by Oliver & Ohlbaum Associates (O&O) for the BAI "TV3 appears not to have an appetite for distributing additional channels on the platform so we assume no new offerings from the group on DTT (Saorview)".[27] In 2011 TV3 Group revealed it has plans to launch further channels.[28] These channels included TV3 HD, TV3 +1 (a one-hour delayed channel) and TV3 Kids-TV3 Classics (a time-shared channel featuring a children's programming and classic Irish and international television shows). According to BAI documentation the channels where scheduled to launch by September 2013.[29] As of 2014, the BAI have confirmed TV3 have no interest in launching these channels in the near future and have not applied for a licence to broadcast such channels. According to an article printed in the Irish edition of The Sunday Times on 24 August 2014; TV3 Group will launch TV3 HD on both UPC and Sky in 2015. The article also states that 3e will go HD in 2016. TV3 Group also hope to launch an additional channel in 2016 with a pay TV element to it.[30] The article also suggests that the TV3 Group may work more closely with Communicorp in terms of utilizing presenters. On 17 January 2016 Sunday Business Post reported Virgin Media Ireland have plans to launch additional TV3 channels including a 24-hour rolling news channel.[31] The TV3 Group later denied such reports. Ownership2012–2013In 2012, TV3 Group's owners Doughty Hanson indicated their wishes to sell off the company in due course. Speculation as to who would purchase the group continued into 2013 with UTV Media considered a major contender.[32] However, in 2013 UTV confirmed plans it would launch its own Republic of Ireland service in early 2014 – branded as UTV Ireland. 2015–presentIn early April 2015, a number of media groups were reporting TV3's owners Doughty Hanson were definitely interested in selling the TV3 Group.[33][34][35][36] These reports were strengthened when Doughty Hanson confirmed it has scrapped plans for a sixth investment fund.[37] A number of international broadcasters were reportedly interested in purchasing the Irish-based broadcaster including Viacom International Media Networks (VIMN) and Liberty Global.[38] It was later reported VIMN has shown disinterest in purchasing the network but on 16 April 2015 both the Irish Independent and Sky News claimed Carlyle have shown interest in the broadcaster and negotiations were due to begin. Carlyle have begun investing in the Irish market. TV3 Group has declined requests from media organisations to comment on the rumours.[39] It was further reported on 3 May 2015 by The Sunday Business Post that Liberty Global are in negotiations to take over the broadcaster.[33] They report that Liberty Global are to take over the Irish broadcaster after completing due diligence. In June 2015, INM confirmed they would consider purchasing the TV3 Group.[40] However, following criticism from individuals within media and political circles, INM claimed it was "highly unlikely" they would purchase the broadcaster,[40] as there would be concern over how much control INM has over print and broadcasting media in Ireland. On 12 June 2015 Irish media began reporting on the possible buyout by Liberty Global.[41][42][43] Both companies refused to comment on the reports. Approval from the BAI will have to granted if the deal is to go through and may also involve approval from the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission. It will take a number of months before the acquisition is finalized. It is reported the TV3 Group will be sold to Liberty Global for €100 million. On 3 July 2015 it was announced that Doughty Hanson had sold TV3 to a Liberty Global company who operate UPC Ireland for €80 million. The deal may also deliver a further €7 million should TV3 meet certain performance targets. The deal will need regulatory approval by Competition and Consumer Protection Commission as well as a media plurality test by the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources.[44] On 5 July 2015 The Sunday Business Post confirmed following an interview with TV3's CEO McRedmon that Liberty Global had shown interest in purchasing the TV3 Group since last year.[45] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doughtyhanson.com/sitecore/content/D/Doughty-Hanson-Corporate/Homepage/~/media/Files/D/Doughty-Hanson-Corporate/Annual%20Reports/DoughtyHanson_Annual%20Review%202010.pdf|title=Doughty Hanson Annual Review|publisher=Doughty Hanson|accessdate=24 March 2011|location=London}} {{Coord|53.309565|N|6.35564|W|type:landmark_region:IE|display=title}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doughtyhanson.com/AR/index.htm |title= Doughty Hanson Annual Review 2008 |accessdate=24 June 2009 |work= |publisher= Doughty Hanson & Co. |date=1 January 2009}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doughtyhanson.com/DH_AnnualReview_2009.pdf |title= Doughty Hanson Annual Review 2009 |accessdate=10 March 2010|work= |publisher= Doughty Hanson & Co. |date=1 January 2010}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tv3.ie/news_sub_page.php?video_id=95868&locID=1.2.883|title=TV3 Acquired by UPC, a Subsidiary of Liberty Global plc|publisher=tv3.ie|accessdate=3 July 2015|location=Dublin}} 5. ^https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv3-will-rebrand-to-virgin-and-add-sports-channel-this-autumn-1.3546943 6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0116/canwest.html |title=Canwest to sell share in TV3 |accessdate=7 March 2009 |work= |publisher=RTÉ News|date=16 January 2006}} 7. ^{{cite web|last=Welsh |first=James |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/media/news/a36211/itv-agrees-to-sell-tv3-stake.html|title=ITV agrees to sell TV3 stake |publisher=Digital Spy |date=23 August 2006 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/examiner-and-tv3-to-seek-dublin-radio-licence-1.374054|title=Examiner and TV3 to seek Dublin radio licence|publisher=}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|last=Welsh |first=James |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/media/news/a140189/irelands-channel-6-becomes-3e.html |title=Ireland's Channel 6 becomes 3e |publisher=Digital Spy |date=5 January 2009 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 10. ^name="bci.ie">{{cite web|url=http://www.bci.ie/DTT/one_vision/app1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607100010/http://www.bci.ie/DTT/one_vision/app1.pdf |title=Application: DTT Multiplex Contract |publisher=BCI |archivedate=7 June 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2011/0818/1224302638633.html | work=The Irish Times | first=Ronan | last=McGreevy | title=TV3 to build EUR 4m studio for live audience shows | date=18 August 2011}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.tv3.ie/studios/|title=Virgin Media TV3 HD Studio|website=www.tv3.ie}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2015/1207/751915-virgin-completes-acquisition-of-tv3/|title=Virgin completes acquisition of TV3 as CEO departs|date=7 December 2015|publisher=}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv3-owner-virgin-media-buys-utv-ireland-for-10m-1.2718283|title=TV3 owner Virgin Media buys UTV Ireland for €10m|publisher=Irish Times}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv3-halts-move-to-rebrand-channels-1.3420305?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv3-halts-move-to-rebrand-channels-1.3420305|title=TV3 halts move to rebrand channels|publisher=}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.marketing.ie/?p=7467 |title=TV3 unveils new player |publisher=Marketing.ie |date=7 October 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tv3.ie/3player|title=3player |publisher=TV3 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 18. ^{{cite news|last=Slattery |first=Laura |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/media-and-marketing/tv3-seeks-registrations-on-3player-1.1392258 |title=TV3 seeks registrations on 3player |publisher=The Irish Times |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tv3.ie/welcome.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010205011400/http://www.tv3.ie/welcome.htm |title=Welcome to TV3 Ireland |publisher=TV3|archivedate=5 February 2001 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tv3.ie/index.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207091648/http://www.tv3.ie/index.php |title=Welcome |publisher=TV3 |archivedate=7 February 2006|accessdate=30 August 2013}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tv3.ie/index.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202025018/http://www.tv3.ie/index.php |title=Welcome |publisher=TV3 |archivedate=2 February 2007|accessdate=30 August 2013}} 22. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119121004/http://www.tv3.ie/shows.php?request=tv3app |date=19 November 2012 }} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ie/app/tv3-app/id393340799?mt=8 |title=TV3 App |publisher=iTunes |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 24. ^{{cite web|last=Kennedy |first=John |url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/new-media/item/29219-major-development-for-irish/ |title=Major development for Irish broadcasting sector as TV3 and Sony to deploy new HD Studio |publisher=Silicon Republic |date=14 September 2012 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.adworld.ie/news/read/?id=ca4d1b27-e131-4eb0-9f50-6af1a6871dee |title=TV3 Secures Studio Partnership Deal with Sony |publisher=Adworld |date= |accessdate=30 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025631/http://www.adworld.ie/news/read/?id=ca4d1b27-e131-4eb0-9f50-6af1a6871dee |archivedate=8 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 26. ^{{cite news|last=Webb |first=Nick |url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/rabbitte-gives-ok-to-irish-movie-channel-3230114.html |title=Rabbitte gives ok to Irish movie channel |publisher=Independent.ie |date=16 September 2012 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bai.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/20131204_OOCommDTTRpt_v.Final_MT.pdf |title=Prospects for commercial digital terrestrial television in the Republic of Ireland |publisher=Broadcasting Authority of Ireland |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bai.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/20110815_BAIDTTEOI_FINAL.pdf|title=Report and Recommendations by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland on the exercise of its functions under Statutory Instrument No.67 of 2011|publisher=Broadcasting Authority of Ireland|pages=5, 14|accessdate=28 January 2012}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bai.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/20110815_BAIDTTEOI_FINAL.pdf |title=Report and Recommendations by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland on the exercise of its functions under Statutory Instrument No.67 of 2011 |publisher=Broadcasting Authority of Ireland |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?p=91884908#post91884908 |title=The TV3 & 3e Thread [Merged] - Page 35 |publisher=boards.ie |date=24 August 2014 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businesspost.ie/tv3-plans-24-hour-news-channel/|title=TV3 plans 24-hour news channel - BusinessPost.ie|first=Colette|last=Sexton|publisher=}} 32. ^{{cite news|last=Lyons |first=Tom|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/utv-eyes-up-bid-to-take-over-debt-laden-tv3-29210693.html |title=UTV eyes up bid to take over 'debt laden' TV3 |publisher=Independent.ie |date=21 April 2013 |accessdate=30 August 2013}} 33. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.businesspost.ie/#!search/tv3|title=The Business Post - Independent journalism every day - BusinessPost.ie|first=|last=BusinessPost.ie|publisher=}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://irishmusicfeed.tumblr.com/post/114919891189/tv-could-viacom-or-liberty-global-purchase-tv3 |title=.TV: Could Viacom or Liberty Global Purchase TV3? |work=Irish Music Feed |publisher=Tumblr |date= |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 35. ^{{cite web|last1=O'Donovan |first1=Donal |last2=McLoughlin |first2=Gavin |url=http://www.independent.ie/business/media/usbased-carlyle-has-broadcaster-tv3-in-frame-for-takeover-31149181.html |title=US-based Carlyle has broadcaster TV3 in frame for takeover |publisher=Independent.ie |date=17 April 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1466127/buyout-firms-broadcast-bids-for-irelands-tv3 |title=Buyout Firms Broadcast Bids For Ireland's TV3 |publisher=Sky News |date=16 April 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 37. ^{{cite web|last=Hancock |first=Ciarán |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv3-s-owner-scraps-plan-for-sixth-investment-fund-1.2175988 |title=TV3's owner scraps plan for sixth investment fund |publisher=The Irish Times |date=15 April 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newstalk.com/TV3-Ireland-takeover-Doughty-Hanson-Carlyle-equity-groups |title=Buyout firms reportedly hold preliminary talks for possible TV3 takeover |publisher=Newstalk |date=16 April 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 39. ^{{cite web|last=Slattery |first=Laura |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv3-tight-lipped-over-reports-carlyle-in-takeover-talks-1.2178843 |title=TV3 tight-lipped over reports Carlyle in takeover talks |publisher=The Irish Times |date=17 April 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 40. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/denis-obrien-tv3-micheal-martin-2150941-Jun2015/ |title=Talk of an INM move for TV3 dismissed as "highly unlikely" by the company |publisher=TheJournal.ie |date=9 June 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/tv3-sale-upc-ireland-owners-liberty-global-conducting-due-diligence-31296965.html |title=TV3 sale: UPC Ireland owners Liberty Global conducting due diligence |publisher=Independent.ie |date=6 August 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 42. ^{{cite web|last=Clover |first=Julian |url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2015/06/12/liberty-global-in-tv3-ireland-talks/ |title=Liberty Global in TV3 Ireland talks |publisher=Broadband TV News |date=12 June 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 43. ^{{cite web|last=Quinn |first=Eamon |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/business/tv3-worth-100m-as-liberty-global-tunes-in-336800.html |title=TV3 'worth €100m' as Liberty Global tunes in |publisher=Irish Examiner |date=13 June 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2015/0703/712512-upc-tv3-takeover/ |title=UPC Ireland to acquire broadcaster TV3 |publisher=RTÉ News |date=6 July 2015 |accessdate=21 August 2015}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businesspost.ie/#!story/Home/News/UTV%E2%80%99s+slow+start+encouraged+TV3+sale/id/f5b55ab1-ae79-4c42-97c3-ce45c7250c75|title=The Business Post - Independent journalism every day - BusinessPost.ie|first=|last=BusinessPost.ie|publisher=}} External links
2 : Television channels and stations established in 1998|Virgin Media Television (Ireland) |
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