| 词条 | Vnesheconombank |
| 释义 |
| name = Vnesheconombank | logo = File:Vnesheconombank Logo.png | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | logo_padding = | image = Vneshekonombank.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_alt = Headquarters in Moscow | image_caption = Headquarters in Moscow | trading_name = | native_name = Внешэкономбанк | native_name_lang = ru | romanized_name = | former_name = Vneshtorgbank of the USSR | type = State Corporation | traded_as = | ISIN = | industry = Financial services | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{Start date and age|1922|8|18|df=y}}.[1][2] | founder = Olof Aschberg[2] | defunct = | location_city = Moscow | location_country = Russia | locations = | area_served = | key_people = Igor Shuvalov (chairman) | products = | brands = VEB | production = | services = Banking | revenue = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}} | revenue_year = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|year}} | operating_income = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}} | income_year = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}} | net_income = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}} | net_income_year = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|year}} | assets = {{wikidata revenue|assets|num}}{{wikidata revenue|assets|ref}} | assets_year = {{wikidata revenue|assets|year}} | equity = {{wikidata revenue|equity|num}}{{wikidata revenue|equity|ref}} | equity_year = {{wikidata revenue|equity|year}} | owner = Russian Government | members = | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | rating = Ba1 (Moody's)[3] | website = {{URL|veb.ru/en}} | footnotes = | bodystyle = }}Vnesheconombank, or VEB ({{lang-ru|Внешэкономбанк (ВЭБ)}}), is a Russian government-owned development bank, meant to provide funding for projects aimed at developing the Russian economy. It is not involved in retail banking activities.[4] Translated to English, its name means "Bank of Foreign Economic Activity," though it is commonly called the "Russian Development Bank," and it refers to itself as "the state corporation Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs.” ActivitiesThe Russian government uses VEB to support and develop the Russian economy and to manage Russian state debts and pension funds. It is a part in the government's plan to diversify the Russian economy,[6] and to do so receives funds directly from the federal state budget.[5] The bank has been used to fund industrial and infrastructure projects, as well as off-budget spending on government projects such as the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.[8] Another one of its unofficial functions has been to act as a rescue fund for failing businesses.[6] HistoryEarly historyIn 1922, Swedish financier Olof Aschberg established the Soviet Union's first international bank, Roskombank ({{lang|ru|Роскомбанк}}; "Russian Commercial Bank"). In 1924, the bank was renamed Vneshtorgbank ({{lang|ru|Внешторгбанк}}; "Foreign Trade Bank of the USSR"), a joint stock bank. It was renamed Vnesheconombank ("Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of the USSR") in 1988.[2] Post-Soviet historyIn 2002, Vnesheconombank was restructured and it stepped up its efforts in servicing government programs, reduced the scope of its commercial business and gave a higher priority to supporting the government's structural reforms.[2] In April 2002, VEB was appointed Vnesheconombank agent for investing temporarily free Pension Fund's assets in securities denominated in foreign currency, and in January 2003, a special structural subdivision to handle pension funds was formed; VEB was appointed the "State Trust Management Company" responsible for investing Russia's pension funds.[2] From 2005 to 2006, both the assets and liabilities of the bank doubled from around $6 billion to $12 billion, and the income rose from $239 million to $301 million.[7] In April 2007, Russia's State Duma passed the federal law "On Bank for Development," which regulated VEB's legal conditions and made it a state bank.[8][9] Vladimir Putin increased lending when he became the bank's chairman in 2008.[6] Due to lax internal oversights and poor risk management, by late 2009 VEB quadrupled its assets to nearly 2 trillion rubles ($65 billion).[10] By 2009, VEB was seen by the government as an off-budget fund, used to put off budget expenses.[10] In July 2014, the United States Department of the Treasury imposed economic sanctions that prohibited U.S. persons from providing doing business with VEB after the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.[11] Between 2014 and 2017, the Russian Ministry of Finance spent $10 billion on the bank.[6] VEB has suffered massive losses in 2014-2015, leading to a 330 billion rubles government bailout in 2015,[12] followed by 150 billion rubles in 2016 and a similar amount planned for 2017.[13][14] VEB was the main lender for the 2014 Winter Olympics, and many of the loans originating from the games missed original returns forecasts, or had to be restructured.[15] In March 2016, the bank was promised a $2.2 billion bailout from the Russian government.[16] Sergey Gorkov, a former senior executive at Sberbank, was appointed to lead VEB and come up with a turnaround strategy, which included the sale of non-core assets.[17] The government originally offered the position to German Gref, who turned down the job.[10] In March 2017, Ukraine imposed sanctions on Vnesheconombank (and other Russian state-owned banks operating in Ukraine: Sberbank, VTB Bank, VS Bank, Prominvestbank, and BM Bank) as part of its continued sanctions on Russia for its annexation of Crimea and involvement in the War in Donbass.[28][18][19] After that, the bank tried to sell its Ukrainian subsidiary; {{As of|2017|08|lc=y}} unsuccessfully.[20] At Sochi in February, 2018, Vnesheconombank's Sergey Gorkov said they hoped to sell its Ukrainian subsidiary, Prominvestbank, by May 2018.[21] In 2017, the bank's debt was $17 billion, including $14.2 billion in Ukraine.[6] In January 2017, Gorkov released the bank's "Strategy 2021," which predicted relief from sanctions, resuming borrowing in the United States, and shifting risks to the government's budget.[6] According to a report the New York Times published in May 2017, 40% of the bank's loans were at risk of default.[6] In May 2018, Igor Shuvalov replaced Gorkov as VEB’s new chairman.[22] In July 2018, the bank requested a further $16 billion bailout from the Russian government.[22] In October 2018 the bank announced plans to rebrand, changing its denomination into 'National Development Institute', and confirming it would be granted 600 billion rubles ($9.1 billion) in subsidies from the federal budget by 2024, in addition to the 125 billion rubles received in 2018.[23] According to a number of media, the bank's management is linked with Donald Trump and his circle. Organisation
By law, the Prime Minister of Russia is the chairman of the bank's board.[25] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=Scott B.|last2=Lemco|first2=Jonathan|title=State Capitalism's Uncertain Future|date=2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440831089|page=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfH3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|accessdate=3 June 2017|language=en}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title=History|url=http://www.veb.ru/en/about/history/|accessdate=3 June 2017|publisher=Vnesheconombank}} 3. ^{{cite web |title=Moody's affirms Vnesheconombank's long-term ratings at Ba1 |url=https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-affirms-Vnesheconombanks-long-term-ratings-at-Ba1--PR_376695 |website=Moodys.com |accessdate=6 October 2018 |date=12 December 2017}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=About Vnesheconombank|url=http://www.veb.ru/en/about/today/|website=www.veb.ru|accessdate=23 March 2017}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=The Russian bank whose boss met with Jared Kushner keeps popping up as the Trump-Putin story unfolds|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-veb-putin-bank-that-jared-kushner-met-2017-6|author=da Costa, Pedro Nicolaci|publisher=Business Insider|date=June 26, 2017|access-date=November 1, 2017}} 6. ^1 {{cite news|title=Putin's Bailout Bank Needs a Rescue; It's an $18 Billion Whopper|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-28/putin-s-bailout-bank-needs-a-rescue-it-s-an-18-billion-whopper|accessdate=12 April 2017|work=Bloomberg L.P.|date=28 December 2015}} 7. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.veb.ru/common/img/uploaded/files_list/VEB_annual_2006_eng.pdf |title="VEB Annual Report 2006" |access-date=2008-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201213105/http://veb.ru/common/img/uploaded/files_list/VEB_annual_2006_eng.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web|title=VEB Profile|url=http://www.veb.ru/en/about/|website=VEB|accessdate=29 November 2014}} 9. ^"Law on bank for development" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225135129/http://www.veb.ru/en/about/norm/law/ |date=2008-02-25 }}, VEB 10. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Hobson |first1=Peter |title=How Putin's Bank Became Russia's $20 Billion Problem |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/how-putins-bank-became-russias-20-billion-problem-52049 |accessdate=6 October 2018 |work=The Moscow Times |date=3 March 2016 |language=en}} 11. ^U.S. Department of Treasury. "Announcement of Treasury Sanctions on Entities Within the Financial Services and Energy Sectors of Russia, Against Arms or Related Materiel Entities, and those Undermining Ukraine's Sovereignty" 16 July 2014. 12. ^{{cite news|title=How bad is it really at Russia's VEB?|url=http://www.intellinews.com/comment-how-bad-is-it-really-at-russia-s-veb-100709/|accessdate=12 April 2017|work=bne IntelliNews}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Russia's VEB chairman sees difficulties redeeming debt in 2017|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-veb-idUSKBN1351DF|accessdate=12 April 2017|work=Reuters|date=10 November 2016}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Announcement of Treasury Sanctions on Entities Within the Financial Services and Energy Sectors of Russia, Against Arms or Related Materiel Entities, and those Undermining Ukraine's Sovereignty|url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2572.aspx|accessdate=3 June 2017|publisher=United States Department of the Treasury|date=16 July 2014}} 15. ^{{cite news |last1=Voronova |first1=Tatiana |title=Russia's VEB to transfer Globex to the state as it tackles Sochi... |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-veb-globex/russias-veb-to-transfer-globex-to-the-state-as-it-tackles-sochi-olympics-legacy-sources-idUSKBN1ED1FX |accessdate=6 October 2018 |work=Reuters |date=19 December 2017}} 16. ^{{cite news|last1=Kottasova|first1=Ivana|title=The latest Russian bank bailout is not like all the rest|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/03/30/investing/russia-veb-bank-bailout/index.html|accessdate=27 June 2017|work=CNNMoney|date=30 March 2016}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Kushner meeting shines spotlight on Russian bank|url=https://www.ft.com/content/14c0cf6a-5409-11e7-80b6-9bfa4c1f83d2|accessdate=27 June 2017|work=Financial Times}} 18. ^{{cite news | last = Пороше́нко | first = Петро́ Олексі́йович | author-link = Petro Poroshenko | title = УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №63/2017: Про рішення Ради національної безпеки і оборони України від 15 березня 2017 року ’’Про застосування персональних спеціальних економічних та інших обмежувальних заходів (санкцій)" | url = http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/632017-21474 | work = President of Ukraine website | language = Ukrainian | trans-title = DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 63/2017: On the decision of the Council of National Security and Defense of Ukraine dated March 15, 2017 "On the Application of Personal Special Economic and Other Restrictive Measures (Sanctions)" | date = March 15, 2017 | access-date = February 28, 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web | last = Пороше́нко | first = Петро́ Олексі́йович | author-link = Petro Poroshenko | title = Глава держави затвердив санкції щодо низки російських банків | url = http://www.president.gov.ua/news/glava-derzhavi-zatverdiv-sankciyi-shodo-nizki-rosijskih-bank-40418 | work = President of Ukraine website | language = Ukrainian | trans-title = The head of state has approved sanctions against a number of Russian banks | date = March 16, 2017 | access-date = February 28, 2018}} 20. ^1 [https://www.unian.info/economics/2055479-ukraine-blocks-sale-of-subsidiaries-of-russias-sberbank-veb-media.html Ukraine blocks sale of subsidiaries of Russia's Sberbank, VEB – media], UNIAN (29 July 2017) 21. ^{{cite web|last=Talant|first=Bermet|title=Russian state banks leaving Ukraine because of sanctions, attacks by nationalists|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/business/russian-state-banks-leaving-ukraine-sanctions-attacks-nationalists.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=20 February 2018|accessdate=26 February 2018}} 22. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Pismennaya |first1=Evgenia |title=Putin's Sanctions-Hit VEB Is Said to Plan Appeal for $16 Billion |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-03/putin-s-sanctions-hit-piggy-bank-is-said-to-plan-appeal-for-cash |accessdate=6 October 2018 |work=Bloomberg |date=3 July 2018}} 23. ^{{cite news |title=Russia's Vnesheconombank revamped into VEB.RF, to get up to $22bn support |url=http://www.intellinews.com/russia-s-vnesheconombank-revamped-into-veb-rf-to-get-up-to-22bn-support-151094/ |work=BNE Intellinews |date=31 October 2018}} 24. ^{{cite news | last1 = Becker | first1 = Jo | last2 = Rosenberg | first2 = Matthew | last3 = Haberman | first3 = Maggie | author-link1=Jo Becker | author-link2=Matthew Rosenberg | author-link3=Maggie Haberman | title = Senate Committee to Question Jared Kushner Over Meetings With Russians | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/us/politics/senate-jared-kushner-russia.html?_r=1 | newspaper = New York Times | date = March 27, 2017 | accessdate = March 28, 2017}} 25. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite news|last1=Protess|first1=Ben|last2=Kramer|first2=Andrew E.|last3=McIntire|first3=Mike|title=Bank at Center of U.S. Inquiry Projects Russian ‘Soft Power’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/business/vnesheconombank-veb-bank-russia-trump-kushner.html|accessdate=5 June 2017|work=The New York Times|date=5 June 2017|page=A1}} External links
7 : Banks of Russia|Banks of the Soviet Union|Companies based in Moscow|Banks established in 1922|Russian state corporations|Development finance institutions|1922 establishments in the Soviet Union |
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