| 词条 | Nathan Birnbaum |
| 释义 |
| name = Nathan Birnbaum | image = Birnbaum Nathan.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Nathan Birnbaum | pseudonym = Mathias Acher Dr. N. Birner Mathias Palme Anton Skart Theodor Schwarz Pantarhei | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1864|5|16}} | birth_place = Vienna, Austrian Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|1937|4|2|1864|5|16}} | death_place = Scheveningen, Netherlands | occupation = Writer and journalist | nationality = | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = }} Nathan Birnbaum ({{lang-he|נתן בירנבוים}}; pseudonyms: "Mathias Acher", "Dr. N. Birner", "Mathias Palme", "Anton Skart", "Theodor Schwarz", and "Pantarhei"; 16 May 1864 – 2 April 1937) was an Austrian writer and journalist, Jewish thinker and nationalist.[1][2] His life had three main phases, representing a progression in his thinking: a Zionist phase (c. 1883 – c. 1900); a Jewish cultural autonomy phase (c. 1900 – c. 1914) which included the promotion of the Yiddish language; and religious phase (c. 1914–1937) when he turned to Orthodox Judaism and became staunchly anti-Zionist. He married Rosa Korngut (1869–1934) and they had three sons: Solomon (Salomo) Birnbaum (1891–1989), Menachem Birnbaum (1893–1944), and Uriel Birnbaum (1894–1956). Early lifeBirnbaum was born in Vienna into an Eastern European Jewish family with roots in Austrian Galicia and Hungary.[3] His father, Menachem Mendel Birnbaum, a merchant, hailed from Ropshitz, Galicia, and his mother, Miriam Birnbaum (née Seelenfreund), who was born in northern Hungary (in a region sometimes called the Carpathian Rus), of a family with illustrious rabbinic lineage, had moved as a child to Tarnow, Galicia, where the two met and married.[4] From 1882 to 1886, Birnbaum studied law, philosophy and Near Eastern studies at the University of Vienna. ZionismIn 1883, at the age of 19, he founded Kadimah, the first Jewish (Zionist) student association in Vienna, many years before Theodor Herzl became the leading spokesman of the Zionist movement. While still a student, he founded and published the periodical Selbstemanzipation!,[5] often written in large part by Birnbaum himself. In it he coined the terms "Zionistic", "Zionist", "Zionism" (1890), and "political Zionism" (1892).[6] Birnbaum played a prominent part in the First Zionist Congress (1897) where he was elected Secretary-General of the Zionist Organization. He was associated with and was one of the most important representatives of the cultural, rather than political, side of Zionism. However, he left the Zionist Organization not long after the Congress. He was unhappy with its negative view of Diaspora Jewry and the transformation of the Zionist ideals into a party machine. His next phase was to advocate Jewish cultural autonomy, or Golus nationalism, concentrating in particular on the Jews of eastern Europe. He advocated for the Jews to be recognized as a people among the other peoples of the empire, with Yiddish as their official language. He ran (in Buczacz, eastern Galicia) on behalf of the Jews (and with the support of the local Ukrainians) as candidate for the Austrian parliament. Although he had a majority of the votes, his election was thwarted by corruption of the electoral process by the local Polish faction.[7] He was chief convener of the Conference for the Yiddish Language held in Czernowitz, August 30 –September 3, 1908. It was the first Yiddish-language conference ever to take place. At the conference, he took the place of his colleague and fellow Yiddish activist Sholem Aleichem who was critically ill.[8] From about 1912 onwards, Birnbaum became increasingly interested in Orthodox Judaism, and he became a fully observant Orthodox Jew in about 1916. He continued to act particularly as an advocate for the Jews of eastern Europe and the Yiddish language. From 1919 to 1922, he was General Secretary of the Agudas Yisroel, a widely-spread and influential Orthodox Jewish organization. He founded the society of the "Olim" (Hebrew for the "Ascenders"), a society with a specific program of action dedicated to the spiritual ascent of the Jewish people. Later lifeBirnbaum, decrying political Zionism, 1919: And is it at all possible that we, who regard Judaism as our one and only treasure, should ever be able to compete with such expert demagogues and loud self-advertisers as they [the Zionists]? It is surely not necessary that we should. We are, after all, still the mountains and they the grain, and all we need to do is to gather all our forces in a world organization of religious Jews, and it will follow of itself, and without the application of any great political cunning on our part, that we shall have it in our power to prevent what must needs be prevented and to carry out what we have to carry out. But there is no need first to create this world organization of religious Jews. It is already in existence. The world knows its name, it is Agudas Yisroel [The Union of Israel].{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} He continued to write and lecture. His most well-known publication of this period of his life was "Gottes Volk", 1918 (German), "God's Folk", 1921 (Yiddish), translated into Hebrew as "Am Hashem" (1948), and translated into English under the title "Confession" (1946), slightly abridged.{{dubious|Obviously missing bits. Source has been deleted.|date=February 2018}} In 1933, at the time of the Nazi rise to power, Birnbaum and his wife, together with their son Menachem (an artist) and family, who at that time were all living in Berlin, fled to Scheveningen, Netherlands, with the help of businessman and diplomat Henri B. van Leeuwen (1888-1973). There, Birnbaum, van Leeuwen, and banker Daniel Wolfe published the anti-Zionist newspaper Der Ruf ("The Call"). (Menachem and his family were murdered by the Nazis in 1944.) At the same time, their son Solomon (Professor of Yiddish and Hebrew paleography) and his family fled from Hamburg to England. Their other son, Uriel, an artist and poet, and his family fled from Vienna to the Netherlands in 1939. Van Leeuwen, also an Orthodox Jew, became a Dutch anti-Zionist leader and Bergen-Belsen survivor.[9] Birnbaum died in Scheveningen in 1937 after a period of severe illness. Published works
See also
References1. ^{{Cite book |author= Bridger, David |title=The New Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher= New York, Behrman House |year= 1962 |ISBN= 978-0-87441-120-1 }} 2. ^{{Cite web|author=The New Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/zionism |title=The Religion Book:Zionism |publisher=answers.com |date= |accessdate=}} 3. ^"Birnbaum, Nathan" (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 714-716. 4. ^Olson, Jess (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7nqjOCSVJm0C&pg=PA17 Nathan Birnbaum and Jewish Modernity: Architect of Zionism, Yiddishism, and Orthodoxy]. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 17–21. 5. ^"Self-Emancipation!" 1885–1894, with some interruptions, renamed 1894 "Juedische Volkszeitung" 6. ^Alex Bein, Herzl Year Book vol. II, p. 6, New York, 1959 7. ^{{cite book|last=Fishman|first=Joshua A.|title=Ideology, Society & Language: The Odyssey of Nathan Birnbaum|year=1987|publisher=Karoma Publishers Inc|location=Ann Arbor, MI|pages=30–31}} 8. ^First Yiddish Language Conference. Louis Fridhandler, Two roads to Yiddishism (Nathan Birnbaum and Sholem Aleichem) 9. ^Jews backing academic boycott against Israel Further reading
An essay on Nathan Birnbaum's activities within Orthodox Judaism - including information on the Olim ("Ascenders") - may be found at: "Der Aufstieg": Dr. Nathan Birnbaum ZT"L, Ascent and Agudah By Rabbi Yosef Gavriel Bechhofer.
External links
10 : 1864 births|1937 deaths|Writers from Vienna|Austrian Orthodox Jews|19th-century Austrian people|Jewish philosophers|Austrian philosophers|Austrian Zionists|Baalei teshuva|Yiddish-speaking people |
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