“Voiceless alveolar trill”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Voiceless alveolar trill

释义

Features
Occurrence
Voiceless alveolar raised non-sonorant trill {{anchor|Voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill}}
Features Occurrence
See also
Notes
References
External links

{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless alveolar trill
|ipa symbol=r̥
|ipa number=122 402A
|x-sampa=r_0
}}

A voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill {{IPA|/r/}} only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.

Proto-Indo-European {{PIE|*sr}} developed into a sound spelled {{angbr|{{lang|grc|ῥ}}}}, with the letter for {{IPA|/r/}} and the diacritic for {{IPA|/h/}}, in Ancient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek.

PIE {{PIE|srew-}} > Ancient Greek ῥέω "flow", possibly {{IPA|[r̥é.oː]}}

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar trill:

Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.^[1]

Occurrence

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}}		date=January 2016}}	/r/}} after {{IPA\|/t, s, h/}}.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}} See Estonian phonology
Icelandic		is\|hrafn}}	[ˈr̥apn̥]}}	'raven'	/r/}}. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. Also illustrates {{IPA\|[n̥]}}. See Icelandic phonology
Lezgian^[2]		lez\|крчар}}/krčar	[ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar]}}	'horns'	/r/}} between voiceless obstruents
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect^[3]	li\|geer}}	[ɣeːr̥]}}	'odour'	/r/}}; may be uvular {{IPAblink\|ʀ̥}} instead.^[4]
Moksha		нархне	[ˈnar̥nʲæ]}}	'these grasses'	/r/}}: нарня {{IPA\|[ˈnarnʲæ]}} "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart {{IPA\|/r̥ʲ/}}: марьхне {{IPA\|[ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ]}} "these apples", but марьня {{IPA\|[ˈmarʲnʲæ]}} "little apple"
Nivkh		р̌ы	[r̥ɨ]}}	'door'	/r/}}
Northern Qiang		{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}		/r/}}
Polish		pl\|krtań}}	[ˈkr̥täɲ̟]}}	'larynx'	/r/}} when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology
Ukrainian^[5]		uk\|центр}}	[t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥]}}	'centre'	/r/}} after {{IPAslink\|t̪\|t}}.^[5] See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh		cy\|Rhagfyr}}	[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]}}	'December'	/r/}}. See Welsh phonology
Zapotec	Quiegolani^[6]	zpi\|rsil}}	[r̥sil]}}	'early'	/r/}}.^[6]

Voiceless alveolar raised non-sonorant trill {{anchor|Voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill}}

{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless alveolar raised non-sonorant trill
|ipa symbol=r̝̊
|ipa number=122 402A 429
|xsampa=r_0_r
}}

The voiceless alveolar raised non-sonorant trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language. However, it occurs allophonically in Czech.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar raised non-sonorant trill:

Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge,

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Czech^[7]^[8]		cs\|třista}}	[ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä]}}	'three hundred'	/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants;^[9]^[8] may be a flap fricative instead.^[8] See Czech phonology
Norwegian	Areas around Narvik^[10]	{{lang\|no\|norsk}}	{{IPA\|[nɔr̝̊k]}}	'Norwegian'	Allophone of the sequence {{IPA\|/ɾs/}} before voiceless consonants.^[10]
Norwegian	Some subdialects of Trøndersk^[10]	{{lang\|no\|norsk}}	{{IPA\|[nɔr̝̊k]}}	'Norwegian'
Polish	Some dialects	pl\|przyjść}}	[ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ]}}	'to come'	/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants for speakers that don't merge it with {{IPA\|/ʐ/}}. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, as well as standard Polish pronounce it the same as {{IPA\|/ʂ/}}, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do that too.
Silesian	Gmina Istebna	date=November 2013}}	Allophone of {{IPA\|/r̝/}} after voiceless consonants. It's pronounced the same as {{IPA\|/ʂ/}} in most Polish dialects
Silesian	Jablunkov	date=December 2018}}

Notes

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=228}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Haspelmath|1993|p=35}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006}}
4. ^While {{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006}} does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol {{angbr|{{IPA|r̥}}}} for many instances of the word-final {{IPA|/r/}}.
5. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=8}}
6. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Regnier|1993|p=11}}
7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Dankovičová|1999|pp=70-71}}
8. ^¹²{{Harvcoltxt|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=226}}
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Dankovičová|1999|p=70}}
10. ^¹²{{Harvcoltxt|Fabiánová|2011|pp=34-35}}

References

{{citation

|last=Asu
|first=Eva Liina
|last2=Teras
|first2=Pire
|year=2009
|title=Estonian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=39
|issue=3
|pages=367–372
|doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x
}}

{{citation

|last=Dankovičová
|first=Jana
|year=1999
|chapter=Czech
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|pages=70–74
}}

{{citation

|last1=Danyenko
|first1=Andrii
|last2=Vakulenko
|first2=Serhii
|year=1995
|title=Ukrainian
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=9783929075083
|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Ukrainian.html?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y
}}

{{citation

|last=Fabiánová
|first=Martina
|title=Srovnání české a norské fonetiky
|year=2011
|url=http://is.muni.cz/th/260991/ff_b/prace_Bc._Fabianova.pdf?lang=en
}}

{{citation

|last=Haspelmath
|first=Martin
|authorlink=Martin Haspelmath
|title=A Grammar of Lezgian
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|series=Mouton Grammar Library
|volume=9
|year=1993
|location=Berlin; New York
|url= http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/173731
|isbn=3-11-013735-6
}}

{{SOWL}}
{{citation

|last=Peters
|first=Jörg
|year=2006
|title=The dialect of Hasselt
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=36
|issue=1
|pages=117–124
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428
}}

{{citation

|last=Regnier
|first=Sue
|year=1993
|title=Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology
|journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics
|publisher=University of Dakota
|volume=37
|pages=37–63
|url=https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED365101
}}

{{citation

|last1=Šimáčková
|first1=Šárka
|last2=Podlipský
|first2=Václav Jonáš
|last3=Chládková
|first3=Kateřina
|year=2012
|title=Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=42
|issue=2
|pages=225–232
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000102
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/katerina/documents/illustration-of-Czech.pdf
}}{{refend}}

External links

{{phoible|r̥}}

5 : Alveolar consonants|Trill consonants|Pulmonic consonants|Voiceless oral consonants|Central consonants

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Features

Occurrence

Voiceless alveolar raised non-sonorant trill {{anchor|Voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill}}

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links