| 词条 | Anthony Barber |
| 释义 |
|honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable |name = The Lord Barber |honorific-suffix = TD PC DL |image = Anthony_Barber_1959.png |image_size = |office = Chancellor of the Exchequer |term_start = 25 July 1970 |term_end = 4 March 1974 |primeminister = Edward Heath |1blankname = Chief Secretary |1namedata = Maurice MacMillan Patrick Jenkin Tom Boardman |predecessor = Iain Macleod |successor = Denis Healey |office1 = Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster |term_start1 = 20 June 1970 |term_end1 = 25 July 1970 |primeminister1 = Edward Heath |predecessor1 = George Thomson |successor1 = Geoffrey Rippon |office2 = Chairman of the Conservative Party |term_start2 = 10 January 1967 |term_end2 = 20 June 1970 |leader2 = Edward Heath |predecessor2 = Edward du Cann |successor2 = Peter Thomas |office3 = Minister of Health |term_start3 = 20 October 1963 |term_end3 = 16 October 1964 |primeminister3 = Alec Douglas-Home |predecessor3 = Enoch Powell |successor3 = Kenneth Robinson |office4 = Financial Secretary to the Treasury |term_start4 = 16 July 1962 |term_end4 = 20 October 1963 |primeminister4 = Harold Macmillan |predecessor4 = Edward Boyle |successor4 = Alan Green |office5 = Economic Secretary to the Treasury |term_start5 = 22 October 1959 |term_end5 = 16 July 1962 |primeminister5 = Harold Macmillan |predecessor5 = Frederick Erroll |successor5 = Edward du Cann |office6 = Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister |primeminister6 = Harold Macmillan |predecessor6 = Robert Allan |successor6 = Knox Cunningham |term_start6 = 10 January 1957 |term_end6 = 22 October 1959 |office7 = Member of Parliament for Altrincham and Sale |predecessor7 = Frederick Erroll |successor7 = Fergus Montgomery |term_start7 = 10 June 1965 |term_end7 = 10 October 1974 |office8 = Member of Parliament for Doncaster |predecessor8 = Raymond Gunter |successor8 = Harold Walker |term_start8 = 25 October 1951 |term_end8 = 15 October 1964 |birthname = Anthony Perrinott Lysberg Barber |birth_date = {{birth date|1920|7|4|df=y}} |birth_place = Doncaster, England |death_date = {{death date and age|2005|12|16|1920|7|4|df=y}} |death_place = Suffolk, England |occupation = Politician |alma_mater = Oriel College, Oxford Middle Temple |party = Conservative Party |allegiance = |branch = British Army / Royal Air Force |serviceyears = 1939−1945 |rank = Lieutenant / Pilot officer |unit = Royal Artillery / Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF |commands = |battles = World War II, POW 1942–1945 }} Anthony Perrinott Lysberg Barber, Baron Barber, TD, PC, DL (4 July 1920 – 16 December 2005) was a British Conservative politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer. After serving in both the Territorial Army and the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, Barber studied at Oxford and became a barrister. Elected as MP for Doncaster in 1951, Barber held various posts in government under Harold Macmillan, including Economic Secretary to the Treasury, Financial Secretary to the Treasury and Minister of Health. After losing his seat in 1964, he won the 1965 by-election in Altrincham and Sale and returned to Parliament. Barber was appointed as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Edward Heath in 1970, and oversaw a major liberalisation of the banking system, replaced purchase tax and Selective Employment Tax with Value Added Tax, and also relaxed exchange controls. During his term the economy suffered due to stagflation and industrial unrest, including a miners strike which led to the Three-Day Week. In 1972 he delivered a budget which was designed to return the Conservatives to power in an election expected in 1974 or 1975. This budget led to a period known as "The Barber Boom". The measures in the budget led to high inflation and wage demands from public sector workers. He was forced to introduce anti-inflation measures, along with a Prices Commission and a Pay Board. After the Conservatives lost the first election in 1974, he did not stand in the second election of that year. Barber became Chairman of Standard Chartered Bank until 1987 and died in 2005. Birth and early lifeBarber was the third son of John Barber and his Danish wife, Musse. His birth was registered in Sculcoates, a suburb of Kingston upon Hull. Barber's unusual middle names arose from his mother, who contributed the "Lysberg", and French grandmother, who contributed the "Perrinott". His father was secretary-director of a Doncaster confectionery works. He had two brothers: Noel, who became a well-known journalist and novelist, and Kenneth, who became secretary of Midland Bank. Barber was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School in Retford, Nottinghamshire. He became an articled clerk, but joined the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry shortly before the Second World War started. He was commissioned into the Territorial Army Royal Artillery in 1939 and served in France with a unit from Doncaster as part of the British Expeditionary Force. He was evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940, but later he became a pilot in the Photographic Reconnaissance Unit of the RAF. He ran out of fuel on a reconnaissance mission on 25 January 1942 and ditched near Mont St Jean, but was captured by the Germans. He was mentioned in dispatches for helping escapes from the prison camp at Stalag Luft III; he himself once escaped as far as Denmark. His PoW experiences were recalled by his friend and fellow RAF pilot PoW Thomas D. Calnan who met Barber at Oflag IX-A/H at Spangenberg in February 1942: "Complete uniforms were rare in our party, the one outstanding exception belonging to Tony Barber, who was resplendent in an Army lieutenant's uniform, complete with Sam Browne."[1] Barber is a prominent figure throughout Calnan's book: "It was natural that Charles Hall, Tony Barber and I should plot escape together. We had known one another at Benson, before being shot down and we still felt that we all belonged to the same unit."[2] Barber also wrote a brief foreword to this volume: "What has struck me most forcibly is how, after more than twenty years, he has recounted our adventures with such accuracy. He has managed to make a reality, once again, of the hopes and fears, the depression and the excitement which, for most of us who were there, now seems more like a dream."[3] While still a prisoner, Barber took a law degree with first-class honours through the International Red Cross. On his return to England, he was awarded a state grant to Oxford University, where he took a degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics in two years at Oriel College, and a scholarship to the Inner Temple. He then practised as a barrister from 1948, and specialised in taxation. From 1967 to 1970 he was chairman of Redfearn National Glass, with which his wife Jean's family was connected. House of CommonsAnthony Barber stood in Doncaster at the 1950 general election but lost by 878 votes. He contested the seat again at the 1951 general election, however, and beat the incumbent Labour Member of Parliament, Raymond Gunter by 384 votes. He held a series of offices: Parliamentary private secretary to George Ward (Under Secretary for Air) from 1952 to 1958; junior Government whip from 1955 to 1958; and Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan from 1958 to 1959. He then served four years as a junior minister in the Treasury, Economic Secretary to the Treasury from 1959 to 1962, and, following the "Night of the Long Knives" on 13 July 1962, as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1962 to 1963 (under the Chancellorships of Derick Heathcoat Amory, Selwyn Lloyd and Reginald Maudling). He became a Cabinet minister, as Minister of Health, in 1963, but lost his seat in the Commons in the 1964 general election to Labour's Harold Walker. His absence from Parliament was short-lived, as he won a 1965 by-election in Altrincham and Sale caused by the elevation to the peerage of Frederick Erroll. In opposition, he led Ted Heath's campaign to become Conservative party leader in 1965, and became party chairman in 1967. The Conservatives won the general election in 1970, and Barber held his seat until the general election of October 1974, when he himself entered the House of Lords. Chancellor of the ExchequerAfter winning the election in 1970, Edward Heath appointed Barber as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and gave him the responsibility for negotiating the entry of the UK into the European Economic Community. However, following the sudden death of Iain Macleod on 20 July, only 6 weeks after the election, Barber became the new Chancellor of the Exchequer. His appointment prompted Harold Wilson to remark that it was the first time that he had realised that Heath had a sense of humour. In line with the initial liberal instincts of Heath's 1970 government, he oversaw a major liberalisation of the banking system under the title of 'Competition and Credit Control', leading to a high level of lending, much of it to speculative property concerns. In his first Budget, in March 1971, he proposed to replace purchase tax and Selective Employment Tax with Value Added Tax, and also relaxed exchange controls; both were prerequisites to membership of the EEC. VAT came into force in 1973 at a standard rate of 10%. A year later, the rate was cut to 8%. Barber also reduced direct taxes. High levels of economic growth followed, but the traditional capacity constraints of the British economy - especially currency and balance of trade concerns - quickly choked the economic boom. The banking system fell towards crisis as the bubble burst. During his term the economy suffered due to stagflation and industrial unrest. In 1972 he delivered a budget which was designed to return the Conservative Party to power in an election expected in 1974 or 1975. This budget led to a period known as "The Barber Boom". The measures in the budget led to high inflation and wage demands from Public Sector workers. He was forced to introduce anti-inflation measures in September 1972, along with a Prices Commission and a Pay Board. The inflation of capital asset values was also followed by the 1973 oil crisis which followed the Yom Kippur War, adding to inflationary pressures in the economy and feeding industrial militancy (already at a high as a result of the struggle over the Industrial Relations Act 1971). In 1972, having said a week earlier in the House of Commons that he had "no reason to believe that the pound was overvalued", he floated it (most of the world currencies were floated at that time) "as a temporary measure". The pound immediately plunged on the markets, and it was impossible during his time as Chancellor to impose a new parity. It has remained floating ever since. After a strike by the miners, and a Three-Day Week, Heath called for a general election on 28 February 1974 with the slogan "Who governs Britain?" The election returned a minority Labour government and Harold Wilson as Prime Minister. Later yearsBarber did not seek re-election at the general election of October 1974, and left front-line politics. He was made a life peer on 6 January 1975 as Baron Barber of Wentbridge in the County of West Yorkshire,[4] and served as Chairman of Standard Chartered Bank from 1974 to 1987, where future Prime Minister John Major was his personal assistant. In 1987, he was appointed to be a Deputy Lieutenant of the County of West Yorkshire.[5] Barber was also a director of BP from 1979 to 1988. He visited Nelson Mandela in prison, and was a member of the Franks Committee that investigated the Falklands War. In 1991, he became chair of the RAF Benevolent Association’s appeal for the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Britain, which raised £26 million. He suffered from Parkinson's disease in later years, and died in Suffolk in 2005. He was married twice, with two daughters from his first marriage. Styles of address
References1. ^Calnan (1973), p. 49 2. ^Calnan (1973), p. 65 3. ^Calnan (1973), p. 1 4. ^{{London Gazette |issue=46459 |date=9 January 1975 |page=309}} 5. ^{{London Gazette |issue=50816 |date=29 January 1987 |page=1185}} Further reading
External links
| title = Member of Parliament for Doncaster | years = 1951–1964 | before = Ray Gunter | after = Harold Walker }}{{succession box | title = Member of Parliament for Altrincham and Sale | years = 1965–1974 | before = Frederick Erroll | after = Fergus Montgomery }}{{s-off}}{{succession box|title=Economic Secretary to the Treasury|before=Frederick Erroll|after=Edward du Cann|years=1959–1962}}{{succession box|title=Financial Secretary to the Treasury|before=Edward Boyle|after=Alan Green|years=1962–1963}}{{succession box|title=Minister of Health|before=Enoch Powell|after=Kenneth Robinson|years=1963–1964}}{{succession box | title=Chairman of the Conservative Party | before=Edward du Cann | after=Peter Thomas | years=1967–1970}}{{succession box|title=Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster|before=George Thomson|after=Geoffrey Rippon|years=1970}}{{succession box|title=Chancellor of the Exchequer|before=Iain Macleod|after=Denis Healey|years=1970–1974}}{{s-end}}{{Heath Ministry}}{{Chancellor of the Exchequer}}{{Secretary of State for Health}}{{Basic income}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Barber, Anthony}} 27 : 1920 births|2005 deaths|British people of Danish descent|British people of French descent|Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom|Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster|Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|UK MPs 1951–55|UK MPs 1955–59|UK MPs 1959–64|UK MPs 1964–66|UK MPs 1966–70|UK MPs 1970–74|UK MPs 1974|Conservative Party (UK) life peers|People with Parkinson's disease|Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford|Royal Artillery officers|Royal Air Force officers|Royal Air Force pilots of World War II|Deaths from Parkinson's disease|Deputy Lieutenants of West Yorkshire|BP people|People educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Retford|Politicians from Kingston upon Hull|Chairmen of the Conservative Party (UK) |
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