词条 | Vomeronasal receptor |
释义 |
The VNO is present in most amphibia, reptiles and non-primate mammals but is absent in birds, adult catarrhine monkeys and apes.[2] An active role for the human VNO in the detection of pheromones is disputed; the VNO is clearly present in the fetus but appears to be atrophied or absent in adults. Three distinct families of vomeronasal receptors – which putatively function as pheromone receptors – have been identified in the vomeronasal organ (V1Rs, V2Rs and V3Rs). While all are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), they are distantly related to the receptors of the main olfactory system, highlighting their different role.[1] The V1 receptors share between 50 and 90% sequence identity but have little similarity to other families of G protein-coupled receptors. They appear to be distantly related to the mammalian T2R bitter taste receptors and the rhodopsin-like GPCRs.[3] In rat, the family comprises 30–40 genes. These are expressed in the apical regions of the VNO, in neurons expressing Gi2. Coupling of the receptors to this protein mediates inositol trisphosphate signaling.[1] A number of human V1 receptor homologues have also been found. The majority of these human sequences are pseudogenes,[4][5] but an apparently functional receptor has been identified that is expressed in the human olfactory system.[6] The V2 receptors are members of GPCR family 3 and have close similarity to the extracellular calcium-sensing receptors.[7] Rodents appear to have around 100 functional V2 receptors and many pseudogenes.[8] These receptors are expressed in the basal regions of VNO, where they couple to G proteins to mediate inositol trisphosphate responses.[9] Homologues have also been identified in fish,[10] and the ligand specificity of one such receptor has been determined: a receptor from goldfish olfactory epithelium has been reported to bind basic amino acids, which are odorants for fish.[11] Human proteins containing this domain
See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Pantages E, Dulac C | title = A novel family of candidate pheromone receptors in mammals | journal = Neuron | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 835–45 | date = Dec 2000 | pmid = 11163270 | doi = 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00157-4 }} {{InterPro content|IPR004072|IPR004073}}{{G protein-coupled receptors}}2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Keverne EB | title = The vomeronasal organ | journal = Science | volume = 286 | issue = 5440 | pages = 716–20 | date = Oct 1999 | pmid = 10531049 | doi = 10.1126/science.286.5440.716 }} 3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Josefsson LG | title = Evidence for kinship between diverse G-protein coupled receptors | journal = Gene | volume = 239 | issue = 2 | pages = 333–40 | date = Nov 1999 | pmid = 10548735 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00392-3 }} 4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kouros-Mehr H, Pintchovski S, Melnyk J, Chen YJ, Friedman C, Trask B, Shizuya H | title = Identification of non-functional human VNO receptor genes provides evidence for vestigiality of the human VNO | journal = Chemical Senses | volume = 26 | issue = 9 | pages = 1167–74 | date = Nov 2001 | pmid = 11705802 | doi = 10.1093/chemse/26.9.1167 }} 5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Giorgi D, Friedman C, Trask BJ, Rouquier S | title = Characterization of nonfunctional V1R-like pheromone receptor sequences in human | journal = Genome Research | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 1979–85 | date = Dec 2000 | pmid = 11116092 | pmc = 313059 | doi = 10.1101/gr.10.12.1979 }} 6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez I, Greer CA, Mok MY, Mombaerts P | title = A putative pheromone receptor gene expressed in human olfactory mucosa | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–9 | date = Sep 2000 | pmid = 10973240 | doi = 10.1038/79124 }} 7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ryba |first1=NJ |last2=Tirindelli |first2=R |title=A new multigene family of putative pheromone receptors. |journal=Neuron |date=August 1997 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=371-9 |pmid=9292726}} 8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Pantages |first1=E |last2=Dulac |first2=C |title=A novel family of candidate pheromone receptors in mammals. |journal=Neuron |date=December 2000 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=835-45 |pmid=11163270}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Keverne |first1=EB |title=The vomeronasal organ. |journal=Science (New York, N.Y.) |date=22 October 1999 |volume=286 |issue=5440 |pages=716-20 |pmid=10531049}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Naito |first1=T |last2=Saito |first2=Y |last3=Yamamoto |first3=J |last4=Nozaki |first4=Y |last5=Tomura |first5=K |last6=Hazama |first6=M |last7=Nakanishi |first7=S |last8=Brenner |first8=S |title=Putative pheromone receptors related to the Ca2+-sensing receptor in Fugu. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=28 April 1998 |volume=95 |issue=9 |pages=5178-81 |pmid=9560249}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Speca |first1=DJ |last2=Lin |first2=DM |last3=Sorensen |first3=PW |last4=Isacoff |first4=EY |last5=Ngai |first5=J |last6=Dittman |first6=AH |title=Functional identification of a goldfish odorant receptor. |journal=Neuron |date=July 1999 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=487-98 |pmid=10433261}} 3 : G protein-coupled receptors|Protein families|Olfactory system |
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