1. Organization

2. History

3. Records

4. Facilities and exhibition spaces
    Public–private partnerships  Social media 

5. Notable crimes

6. See also

7. Notes

8. References

9. Further reading

10. External links

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives.^[6] NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential directives, and federal regulations. The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress.

Organization

The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.

The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College.

The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.

The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.

History

Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in the loss and destruction of records. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator.^[7] The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).

The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.

In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program).^[8] An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information.^[9] The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.

In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center^[10] to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.

In 2011, a retired employee pleaded guilty to stealing original sound recordings from the archives.^[11][12][13]

Records

NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.

Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in the National Archives Catalog.^[15] The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts.^[16] As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records.^[17] There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.^[17]

Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements.^[18] Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage,^[19] but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified. Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.

Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1940, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records.

Facilities and exhibition spaces

The most well known facility of the National Archives and Records Administration is the National Archives Building (informally known as "Archives I"), located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C.. A sister facility, known as the National Archives at College Park ("Archives II") was opened 1994 near the University of Maryland, College Park. The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), also located in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, is a large warehouse facility where federal records that are still under the control of the creating agency are stored. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain time; this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park. Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times have elapsed. WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room.

Across the United States, the National Archives maintains both research facilities and additional federal records centers (FRCs). In many cases, the research rooms of regional archives are located at the same site as the federal records center, which are inaccessible to the public.

Public–private partnerships

In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public–private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is

On January 10, 2007, the National Archives and Fold3.com (formerly Footnote)^[21] launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would "allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm" and "would also enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records."^[22]

In July 2007, the National Archives announced it would make copies of its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace, an Amazon.com subsidiary. During the announcement, Weinstein noted that the agreement would "... reap major benefits for the public-at-large and for the National Archives." Adding, "While the public can come to our College Park, Maryland, research room to view films and even copy them at no charge, this new program will make our holdings much more accessible to millions of people who cannot travel to the Washington, D.C. area." The agreement also calls for CreateSpace partnership to provide the National Archives with digital reference and preservation copies of the films as part of NARA's preservation program.^[23]

In May 2008, the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection, 1790–1930, passenger lists from 1820 to 1960 and World War I and World War II draft registration cards.^[24] The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period whereupon the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives.^[25]

Social media

The National Archives currently utilizes social media and Web 2.0 technologies in an attempt to communicate better with the public.^[26]

On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel "to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people."^[27] Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public.^[28] A new teaching-with-documents Web site premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The site^[29] features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. It also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons.

In 2011, the National Archives initiated a WikiProject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia.

Notable crimes

• In 1963, Robert Bradford Murphy and his wife, Elizabeth Irene Murphy were arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison for stealing documents from several federal depositories, including the National Archives.^[30]
• In 1987, Charles Merrill Mount was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for stealing 400 documents from the National Archives^[31].
• In 2002, Shawn Aubitz was arrested for stealing hundreds of documents and photographs from the National Archives; served 21 months in prison and paid $73,000 in restitution.^[32]
• In 2005, Sandy Berger was charged with an unauthorized removal of documents from the National Archives; sentenced to 100 hours of community service and fined $50,000.
• In 2005, Howard Harner was sentenced to two years in prison and fined $10,000 after stealing 100 documents from the National Archives.^[33]
• In 2006, Denning McTague was sentenced to 15 months in prison and fined $3,000 after stealing 164 documents from the National Archives.^[34]
• In 2011, Les Waffen was sentenced to 18 months in prison after stealing 955 recordings from the National Archives.^[35]
• In 2011, Thomas Lowry was permanently banned from the National Archives after he confessed to altering the date on a presidential pardon signed by Abraham Lincoln.^[36]
• In 2011, Barry Landau and Jason Savedoff were arrested and sentenced to seven-and-a-half years in prison for stealing ten thousand documents from the National Archives.^[37][38]

See also

• 1973 National Archives Fire
• Sandy Berger, National Security Advisor to President Bill Clinton, pleaded guilty to 2004 theft in Archives
• List of U.S. state libraries and archives
• Digital preservation
• Electronic Records Archives
• National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
• List of national archives
• National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
• National Security Archive
• U.S. Constitution
• White House Millennium Council (time capsule)
• Archival Recovery Team
• Apollo 11 lunar sample display
• Apollo 17 lunar sample display

Notes

References

• {{cite book |last=Beschloss |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Beschloss |title=Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqDA6OGvhmUC |year=2006 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530959-1 |accessdate=July 18, 2014}}

Further reading

• {{cite journal|title=Sixty-Ton Statue is Carved from a Single Slab of Stone|year=August 1935|page=256|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=64|issue=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tt4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA256}} The statue Gladiator commissioned for the main national archive building in Washington DC in 1935.
• {{cite journal|title=Ten-Ton Door Made of Bronze is Thirty Five Feet High|year=October 1934|page=519|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=62|issue=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xd8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA519}}

External links

• {{Official website|https://www.archives.gov/|Official NARA−National Archives and Records Administration website}}
• [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-archives-and-records-administration Federal Register.gov: National Archives and Records Administration]
• [https://www.archives.gov/research/catalog/ The National Archives Catalog] — of the National Archives and Records Administration.
• Outdoor sculptures at the National Archives Building
• Footnote.com: NARA
• [https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration FamilySearch.org: NARA−National Archives and Records Administration] — research Wiki for genealogists.
• National Archives and Records Administration's Our Archives wiki — information about NARA + its archived records.
• Roaminghistorian.com: Visiting the National Archives

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