| 词条 | National Association of Broadcasters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) is a trade association and lobby group representing the interests of commercial and non-commercial over-the-air radio and television broadcasters in the United States. The NAB represents more than 8,300 terrestrial radio and television stations as well as broadcast networks. As of 2015, the president and CEO of the NAB is Gordon Smith, a former United States Senator from Oregon.[1] FoundingThe NAB was founded as the National Association of Radio Broadcasters (NARB) in April 1923 at the Drake Hotel in Chicago. The association's founder and first president was Eugene F. McDonald Jr., who also launched the Zenith corporation.[2] In 1951 it changed its name to the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (NARTB) to include the television industry. In 1958 it adopted its current name, "National Association of Broadcasters".[3] Commercial radioThe NAB worked to establish a commercial radio system in the United States. The system was set up in August 1928 with the establishment of General Order 40—a radio reallocation scheme by the Federal Radio Commission which awarded the choicest frequencies and broadcast times to the then-emerging commercial radio industry. In the wake of General Order 40, a loose coalition of educators, nonprofit broadcasters, labor unions, and religious groups coalesced to oppose the NAB and their allies through the 1920s and 1930s, and to develop a public, nonprofit, license-funded radio system without commercials (similar to what happened with the BBC). The coalition claimed that the commercial industry would only promote profitable programming, thereby reducing the quality and future potential of radio broadcasting. Not having the political connections, resources, or publicity of the NAB and the commercial radio industry, the non-profit coalition eventually lost the fight with the passage of the Communications Act of 1934.[4] The National Independent Broadcasters were formed in 1939 as part of the NAB, to represent stations that were not associated with any network, but the group split off in 1941.[5][6] Satellite radioMany satellite radio enthusiasts have criticized the NAB for lobbying against legislation approvals for those services. The NAB protested the FCC's approval of both satellite radio services in the United States—XM and Sirius—and furthermore criticized the 2008 merger of the two companies, calling the merged company a "potential monopoly".[7] Digital transitionIn 2005, the NAB, together with the Association for Maximum Service Television Stations, Inc. (MSTV), commenced development of a prototype high quality, low cost digital-to-analog converter box for terrestrial digital television reception.[8] The result of this project was a specification for the converter box, which was then adopted by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration as a [https://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/frnotices/2007/DTVFinalRule_2a.htm technical requirement] for eligible converter boxes for the Administration's Digital-To-Analog Converter Box Coupon Program. White spaceThe NAB has lobbied against the use of white spaces, unused broadcast spectrum lying between broadcast channels, for wireless broadband internet and other digital use. The NAB has claimed that use of white space will interfere with existing broadcast spectrum, even though tests by the Federal Communications Commission at levels far stronger than that being advocated for in policy circles have not supported such claims.[9] Indeed, the FCC has recommended the use of white spaces for broadband and other digital use.[10] In 2011 the NAB funded an advertising campaign titled "The Future of TV",[11] advocating for the private ownership of the spectrum, framed as a threat to free television. Free TV campaignIn mid-2014, an NAB advertising campaign against a Congressional threat appeared, advocating viewers to defeat a cable-TV lobby.[12][13] Similar organizationsOrganizations similar to the NAB exist in individual U.S. states, including Georgia Association of Broadcasters (GAB) in Georgia, and the Illinois Broadcasters Association (IBA), in Illinois. In Canada, the Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB) has a similar role. GatheringsNAB's annual spring convention is the NAB Show. It typically draws over 100,000 industry professionals.[14] NAB also manages the NAB Radio Show which is held each autumn and draws over 3,000 radio professionals. At the 2010 and 2011 NAB shows, popular technology included stereoscopic video and editing software—a demand inspired by James Cameron's Avatar; point-of-view cameras, and DSLR cameras boasting shallow Depth of Field. Other strides in nonlinear editing technology included archival film restoration, digital audio mixing improvements, motion stabilization of hand-held footage and rotoscoping with one click. Hall of Fame inductees{{Main|NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame}}
NAB awardsThe NAB presents several annual awards:
Publications
See also
References1. ^ 18 September 2009 "NAB NAMES GORDON SMITH NEW PRESIDENT AND CEO" NAB.org 2. ^{{cite web|last=Schneider|first=John|title=Eugene F. McDonald Jr.: Broadcasting Pioneer|work=RadioWorld|url=http://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/0004/eugene-f-mcdonald-jr-broadcasting-pioneer/340017|date=July 13, 2017 |accessdate=2017-07-24}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437703028.html|title=National Association of Broadcasters - Dictionary definition of National Association of Broadcasters - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|website=www.encyclopedia.com}} 4. ^"The Battle for the U.S. Airwaves, 1928-1935", in The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas by Robert W. McChesney (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2008). 5. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vWBGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w-gMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3294,2619757&dq=national-independent-broadcasters&hl=en |title=N.I.B. Votes to Form Own Organization |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |date=September 24, 1941 |page=2}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/09/24/99247417.pdf |title=Independents Act to Break N.A.B. Tie |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 24, 1941}} 7. ^ 28 February 2007 testimony of NAB President David Rehr before US House Judiciary Committee Antitrust Task Force 8. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.nab.org/documents/newsroom/pressRelease.asp?id=1133|title=MSTV & NAB Seek to Develop Digital to Analog Converter Box|last=|first=|date=June 15, 2005|work=NAB News Release|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 9. ^ Tim Karr, "The NAB vs. Reality" 10. ^ Megan Tady, "A Win for White Spaces" 11. ^ "The Future of TV" 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/208111-senate-should-ignore-pay-tvs-stela-add-ons|title=Senate should ignore pay-TV’s STELA add-ons|first=Joe|last=Picard|date=5 June 2014|publisher=}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://keepmytv.org/|title=KeepMyTV.org|first=|last=Graphicfort|website=keepmytv.org}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nabshow.com/|title=NAB Show|website=NAB Show}} External links
5 : Radio organizations in the United States|Television organizations in the United States|Industry trade groups based in the United States|Organizations established in 1922|National Association of Broadcasters |
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