词条 | V speeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
In aviation, V-speeds are standard terms used to define airspeeds important or useful to the operation of all aircraft.[1] These speeds are derived from data obtained by aircraft designers and manufacturers during flight testing for aircraft type-certification testing. Using them is considered a best practice to maximize aviation safety, aircraft performance or both.[2] The actual speeds represented by these designators are specific to a particular model of aircraft. They are expressed by the aircraft's indicated airspeed (and not by, for example, the ground speed), so that pilots may use them directly, without having to apply correction factors, as aircraft instruments also show indicated airspeed. In general aviation aircraft, the most commonly used and most safety-critical airspeeds are displayed as color-coded arcs and lines located on the face of an aircraft's airspeed indicator. The lower ends of the green arc and the white arc are the stalling speed with wing flaps retracted, and stalling speed with wing flaps fully extended, respectively. These are the stalling speeds for the aircraft at its maximum weight.[3][4] The yellow range is the range in which the aircraft may be operated in smooth air, and then only with caution to avoid abrupt control movement, and the red line is the VNE, the never exceed speed. Proper display of V-speeds is an airworthiness requirement for type-certificated aircraft in most countries.[5][6] RegulationsThe most common V-speeds are often defined by a particular government's aviation regulations. In the United States, these are defined in title 14 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, known as the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs).[7] In Canada, the regulatory body, Transport Canada, defines 26 commonly used V-speeds in their Aeronautical Information Manual.[8] V-speed definitions in FAR 23, 25 and equivalent are for designing and certification of airplanes, not for their operational use. The descriptions below are for use by pilots. Regulatory V-speedsThese V-speeds are defined by regulations. They are typically defined with constraints such as weight, configuration, or phases of flight. Some of these constraints have been omitted to simplify the description.
Other V-speedsSome of these V-speeds are specific to particular types of aircraft and are not defined by regulations.
Mach numbersWhenever a limiting speed is expressed by a Mach number, it is expressed relative to the speed of sound, e.g. VMO: Maximum operating speed, MMO: Maximum operating Mach number.[7][8] V1 definitionsV1 is the critical engine failure recognition speed or takeoff decision speed. It is the speed above which the takeoff will continue even if an engine fails or another problem occurs, such as a blown tire.[9] The speed will vary among aircraft types and varies according to factors such as aircraft weight, runway length, wing flap setting, engine thrust used and runway surface contamination, thus it must be determined by the pilot before takeoff. Aborting a takeoff after V1 is strongly discouraged because the aircraft will by definition not be able to stop before the end of the runway, thus suffering a "runway overrun".[34] V1 is defined differently in different jurisdictions:
References1. ^{{cite book |last=Love |first=Michael C. |title=Better Takeoffs & Landings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9XT6aHBrGAC&pg=PA13&dq=definition+of+v-speed |accessdate=2008-05-07 |year=2005 |publisher=Mc-Graw Hill |isbn=0-07-038805-9 |pages=13–15 |chapter=2}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Craig |first=Paul A. |title=Multiengine Flying|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tu0zmyyCkwwC&pg=PA3&dq=aviation+%2B+v-speed |accessdate=2008-05-07 |edition=3rd |year=2004 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=0-07-142139-4 |pages=3–6 |chapter=1}} 3. ^{{cite web|url = http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=9b06546343b9c534cd8cbe093366e8a1&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.10.7.105.16&idno=14|title = Title 14: Aeronautics and Space PART 23—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Subpart G—Operating Limitations and Information Markings And Placards, Part 23, §23.1545|accessdate = 2008-08-01|last = Federal Aviation Administration|authorlink = |date = July 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060929161342/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=4f889c54de122f84f222f4139ad72995&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.10.7.105.16&idno=14|archive-date = 29 September 2006|dead-url = yes|df = dmy-all}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/pilot_handbook/media/PHAK%20-%20Chapter%2007.pdf|title=Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge – Chapter 7|format=PDF|publisher=FAA|accessdate=2010-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903044211/http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/pilot_handbook/media/PHAK%20-%20Chapter%2007.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/pilot_handbook/media/PHAK%20-%20Chapter%2008.pdf|title=Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge – Chapter 8|format=PDF|publisher=FAA|accessdate=2010-01-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903055247/http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/pilot_handbook/media/PHAK%20-%20Chapter%2008.pdf|archivedate=3 September 2013|df=dmy-all}} 6. ^{{cite web|url = http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=9b06546343b9c534cd8cbe093366e8a1&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.11.7.200.32&idno=14|title = Title 14: Aeronautics and Space PART 25—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Subpart G—Operating Limitations and Information Airplane Flight Manual, Part 25, §25.1583|accessdate = 2008-08-01|last = Federal Aviation Administration|authorlink = |date = July 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060929171930/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=eded54e7a564dbd6b114da05773f31a0&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.11.7.200.32&idno=14|archive-date = 29 September 2006|dead-url = yes|df = dmy-all}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 {{cite web|url=http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&SID=f553dbb9c06409a040f3d6865e435c70&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.2&idno=14;cc=ecfr|title=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Chapter 14.1|accessdate=2008-05-07|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 {{cite web|url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/publications/en/tp14371/pdf/hr/tp14371e.pdf#34|title = Aeronautical Information Manual GEN – 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION |accessdate = 2013-01-01|last = Transport Canada|authorlink = |date=October 2012}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Peppler, I.L.: From The Ground Up, page 327. Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, Ottawa Ontario, Twenty Seventh Revised Edition, 1996. {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=CAP 698: Civil Aviation Authority JAR-FCL Examinations: Aeroplane Performance Manual|url=http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP698.pdf|accessdate=2009-12-09|year=2006|publisher=Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|isbn=0-11-790653-0|pages=Section 4–MRJT1 Page 3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114115235/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP698.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2009|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^FAA Advisory Circular 23-19A Airframe Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes, Section 48 (p.27) Retrieved 2012-01-06 12. ^PANS-OPS, Volume I, Part I, Section 4, Chapter 1, 1.3.3 13. ^FAR Part 23.335 14. ^1 2 MIL-STD-3013A 15. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Pilot's Encyclopedia of Aeronautical Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5V04SXE4zQC&pg=PT333&dq=v+speeds+%2B+Vyse|accessdate=2008-05-12|year=2007|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|isbn=978-1-60239-034-8|pages=G–16}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite web|url = http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=c884df43e59bd72bc094f5e164c7ec8b&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.11.2.156.24&idno=14|title = Title 14: Aeronautics and Space PART 25—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Subpart B—Flight Controllability and Maneuverability § 25.149 Minimum control speed.|accessdate = 2009-02-16|last = Federal Aviation Administration.|authorlink = |date = February 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101004170519/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=f843d8e5eee070d245ba39cd21c739d0&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.11.2.156.24&idno=14|archive-date = 4 October 2010|dead-url = yes|df = dmy-all}} 17. ^{{cite book|last1=Administration|first1=Federal Aviation|title=Airplane Flying Handbook: FAA-H-8083-3B|date=2017|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781510712843|page=15-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpTfDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT530&dq=vmo+overspeed&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjO4a2sndTWAhVUHGMKHVd2BiYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=vmo%20overspeed&f=false|accessdate=3 October 2017|language=en}} 18. ^1 2 3 Bell Helicopter Textron: Bell Model 212 Rotorcraft Flight Manual, page II. Bell Helicopters Textron Publishers, Fort Worth, Texas, Revision 3, 1 May 1998. BHT-212IFR-FM-1 19. ^USA 14CFR §23.1557 Retrieved 2012-01-06 20. ^TPUB INTERMEDIATE FLIGHT PREPARATION WORKBOOK APPENDIX A 21. ^1 {{cite web|url = http://www.auf.asn.au/groundschool/umodule2.html#vspeed |title = Flight Theory: Airspeed and the properties of air |website = FlySafe.raa.asn.au |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081101165006/http://www.auf.asn.au/groundschool/umodule2.html#vbr |archivedate = 1 November 2008 |last = Brandon|first = John |date=October 2008}} 22. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.airplanedriver.net/study/part25.htm |title = Cessna Citation |accessdate = 2009-02-14|last = airplanedriver.net |authorlink = |year = n.d.}} 23. ^1 2 {{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aGL035btsg4C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&source=bl&ots=7LRaUDGgTH&sig=TM2RCG30U2073SPv34NPc-cMz28&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA7,M1 |title = Ace the Technical Pilot Interview|accessdate = 2009-01-20|last = Bristow |first = Gary |authorlink = |year = n.d.}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wfiGiY2ixTkC&pg=RA3-PR26&lpg=RA3-PR26&dq=Vt+Threshold+speed&source=web&ots=oDCuGGclc2&sig=WQmpyFI7vuco10mLlFtGQsMzB6U&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result#PRA3-PR25,M1|title = Canadian Professional Pilot Studies|accessdate = 2009-01-20|last = Croucher |first = Phil |authorlink = |year = 2007}} 25. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/2005/a05w0109/a05w0109.asp|title = Transportation Safety Board of Canada – A05W0109|accessdate = 2010-03-26}} 26. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.willswing.com/key-to-hang-glider-specifications/|title = Wills Wing Hang Glider Mfg.|accessdate = 2016-05-31}} 27. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wfiGiY2ixTkC&pg=RA3-PR20&lpg=RA3-PR20&dq=Vp+aquaplaning&source=web&ots=oDCuGGcih2&sig=8q7P1qdTYaW8qxwcqsu94DsKyG4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result|title = Canadian Professional Pilot Studies|accessdate = 2009-01-20|last = Croucher |first = Phil |authorlink = |year = 2007}} 28. ^{{Cite journal| title = SR20 Pilot's Operating Handbook| publisher = Cirrus Design| year = 2004| page = 8| postscript =. }} 29. ^1 2 {{cite web|url = http://www.flightsimaviation.com/rule-of-thumb/27_VSpeeds_Abbreviations_List.html|title = Aviation Rules of Thumb – V-Speeds Abbreviations List|accessdate = 2009-01-19|last = Flight Sim Aviation|authorlink = |year = 2009}} 30. ^E.G. Tulapurkara, Chapter 10 Performance analysis VI – Take-off and landing, retrieved 18 November 2015 31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.elitetest.com/sites/default/files/downloads/c130h_pretold_card_v1_0.pdf|title=C-130 Takeoff and Landing Data Card|publisher=Elite Electronic Engineering, Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819014933/https://www.elitetest.com/sites/default/files/downloads/c130h_pretold_card_v1_0.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=18 August 2018}} 32. ^{{cite web|url = http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Maximum+Threshold+Speed+(aviation)|title = VTMAX |accessdate = 2009-01-19|last = TheFreeDictionary |authorlink = |year = 2009}} 33. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.blueridgeairworks.com/specs.htm|title = Cessna 152 – 4843H General Info|accessdate = 2009-02-13|last = Blue Ridge Air Works|authorlink = |year = n.d.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705202030/http://www.blueridgeairworks.com/specs.htm|archive-date = 5 July 2008|dead-url = yes|df = dmy-all}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Takeoff Safety Training Aid|url=http://www.iata.org/iata/RERR-toolkit/assets/Content/Contributing%20Reports/Reference/TakeoffTrainingSafetyAid.pdf|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|pages=3|quote=" V1. [...](1) The maximum speed by which a rejected takeoff must be initiated to assure that a safe stop can be completed within the remaining runway, or runway and stopway;"}} Further reading
1 : Airspeed |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。