| 词条 | National Coalition Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = National Coalition Party | logo = National_Coalition_Party_logo.png | logo_size = 225 | colorcode = {{National Coalition Party/meta/color}} | foundation = {{start date and age|9 December 1918}} | ideology = Liberalism[1] Conservatism[2] Liberal conservatism[3][1] Pro-Europeanism[5] | headquarters = Kansakoulukuja 3 A, Helsinki | international = {{nowrap|International Democrat Union}} | website = {{URL|https://www.kokoomus.fi|kokoomus.fi}} | country = Finland | abbreviation = KOK | native_name = {{lang-fi|Kansallinen Kokoomus}} {{lang-sv|Samlingspartiet}} | leader1_title = Chair | leader1_name = Petteri Orpo | leader2_title = Deputy chairs | leader2_name = Antti Häkkänen Sanni Grahn-Laasonen Mari-Leena Talvitie | merger = Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party | youth_wing = Youth of the National Coalition Party | wing2_title = Student wing | wing2 = Student Union of National Coalition Party - Tuhatkunta | membership_year = 2016 | membership = 34,000[6] | position = Centre-right[5][8] | european = European People's Party | europarl = European People's Party[5] | seats1_title = Parliament of Finland | seats1 = {{Composition bar|38|200|hex={{National Coalition Party/meta/color}}}} | seats2_title = European Parliament | seats2 = {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{National Coalition Party/meta/color}}}} | seats3_title = Municipalities | seats3 = {{Composition bar|1492|8999|hex={{National Coalition Party/meta/color}}}} | colours = {{Color box|{{National Coalition Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Cyan | wing3_title = Women's wing | wing3 = {{lang|fi|Kokoomuksen Naisten Liitto}} | wing4_title = LGBT wing | wing4 = {{lang|fi|Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä - Kasary}} }} The National Coalition Party (NCP; {{lang-fi|Kansallinen Kokoomus}}; {{lang|fi|Kok.}}; {{lang-sv|Samlingspartiet}}; {{lang|sv|Saml.}}) is a centre-right[2] political party in Finland considered to be liberal,[3] conservative,[4] and liberal-conservative.[5] Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the three largest parties in Finland, along with the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The current party chair is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. The party self-statedly bases its politics on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equal opportunities, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring"[6] and supports multiculturalism and gay rights. It is pro-NATO and pro-European as well as a member of the European People's Party (EPP).[7] The party's vote share was approximately 20% in parliamentary elections in the 1990s and 2000s. It won 44 out of 200 seats in the parliamentary elections of 2011, becoming the largest party in the Finnish Parliament ({{Lang-fi|eduskunta}}; {{Lang-sv|riksdag}}) for the first time in its history. On the municipal level, it became the most popular party in 2008. In the 2015 election, the NCP lost its status as the country's largest party finishing second in votes and third in seats, but again joining the governing coalition. History1918–1939The National Coalition Party was founded on 9 December 1918 after the Finnish Civil War by the majority of the Finnish Party and the minority of the Young Finnish Party, both supporting Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as the King of Finland in the new monarchy.[8][17] The previous day, the republicans of both parties had founded the National Progressive Party.[9] With over 600 representatives, the foundational meeting of NCP declared the following: A national coalition is needed over old party lines that have lost meaning and have too long separated similarly thinking citizens. This coalition's grand task must be to work to strengthen in our nation the forces that maintain society. Lawful societal order must be strictly upheld and there must be no compromise with revolutionary aspirations. But simultaneously, determined constructive reform work must be pursued."[10]The party sought to accomplish their task by advocating for constitutional monarchy and, failing that, strong governmental powers within a republican framework. On the other hand, their goal was to implement a number of social and economic reforms, such as compulsory education, universal health care, and progressive income and property taxation.[11] The monarchist aims failed and Finland became a parliamentary republic—in which NCP advocated for strong presidential powers. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the threat posed by Joseph Stalin's communist Soviet Union influenced Finnish politics. Communists, backed by Soviet leaders, accelerated their activities while the ideological position of the National Coalition Party shifted to strongly conservative. The new ideology was poorly received, particularly by the youth, attracted instead more to irredentist and fascist movements, such as the Academic Karelia Society or Patriotic People's Movement.[8][17][9] In the 1933 parliamentary election, the party formed an electoral coalition with the Patriotic People's Movement, founded by former supporters of the radical nationalist Lapua Movement—even though P.E. Svinhufvud, the party's first President of Finland, played a key role in halting the Lapua Movement and vanquishing their Mäntsälä rebellion. The result was a major defeat as the NCP lost 24 of its 42 seats in Parliament. The NCP broke ties with the Patriotic People's Movement in 1934 under the newly elected party chair J.K. Paasikivi, but was nevertheless shut out from the Finnish Government until the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939 and only slowly regained support.[17][9][12] 1939–2000During the Winter War and the Continuation War in 1939–1944, the party took part in the war-time national unity governments and generally had strong support for its government policies. After the wars, the National Coalition Party sought to portray itself as a defender of democracy against the resurgent Finnish communists. Chair Paasikivi, who had advocated making more concessions to Soviet Union before the Winter War and taken a cautious line regarding cooperation with Germany before the Continuation War, acted first as Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946) and then as President (1946–1956) of Finland. Paasikivi is remembered as the formulator of Finnish foreign policy after World War II.[13] The conflict between the NCP and the communist Finnish People's Democratic League culminated when President Paasikivi fired the communist Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino, who had used the State Police to spy on the party's youth wing among other abuses.[9][14][15] In 1951, the party changed its official name from the original {{Lang|fi|Kansallinen Kokoomuspuolue}} to the current {{Lang|fi|Kansallinen Kokoomus}}. The 1950s were also a time of ideological shifts, as the emphasis on individual liberty and free market reforms increased at the expense of social conservatism and maintenance of a strong government. A minor division in 1958 led to the formation of the Christian Democrats party. From 1966 to 1987, the party was in the opposition.[16] By criticizing Finnish communists and President Urho Kekkonen of the Centre Party, the party had lost the President's trust—and thus governments formed by the Centre Party and left-wing parties followed one another. A new guard emerged within the NCP in the 1970s that sought to improve relations with long-serving President Kekkonen. Their work was partially successful in the late 1970s.[17] However, even though the NCP supported Kekkonen for president in 1978 and became the second largest party in the country in the 1979 parliamentary election, a spot in the government continued to elude the NCP until the end of Kekkonen's time in office.[17][9][15] During the long years in opposition, the party's support grew steadily and in 1987 it attained the best parliamentary election result in its history so far. Harri Holkeri became the party's first prime minister since Paasikivi. During Holkeri's time in office, the Finnish economy suffered a downturn, precipitated by a multitude of factors, and the 1991 parliamentary election resulted in a loss. The party continued in government as a minor partner until 2003.[18][9] 2000–presentAfter losing six seats in the 2003 parliamentary election, the National Coalition Party spent the next electoral period in opposition. Jyrki Katainen was elected party chair in 2004 and in March 2006, vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP). Under the leadership of Katainen, chair until 2014, liberalism became the main attribute of the party.[19] In the 2007 parliamentary election, the party increased its share to 50 seats in the largest gain of the election. The party held a close second place in Parliament, shy of the Centre Party and its 51 seats. After the election, the party entered into a coalition government together with the Centre Party, the Green League, and the Swedish People's Party. The NCP secured important ministerial portfolios, including finance and foreign affairs. In the 2011 parliamentary election, the party finished first place for the first time in its history with 44 seats, despite losing 6 seats, and party chair Jyrki Katainen formed his cabinet as a six-party coalition government from parties on the left and on the right after lengthy negotiations.[18][9][20] The National Coalition Party's candidate in the 2006 Finnish presidential election was former minister of finance and former party chair Sauli Niinistö. He qualified for the second round runoff as one of the top two candidates in the first round but was defeated by the incumbent Tarja Halonen with 51.8% of the vote against his 48.2%. The party nominated Sauli Niinistö again for the presidential election of 2012. Niinistö won the election, beating his Green League opponent Pekka Haavisto decisively on the second round with a 62.6% portion of the votes, and thus becoming the third president elected from the party and the first one since 1956. Niinistö's margin of victory was larger than that of any previous directly elected president in Finland. He won a majority in 14 of the country's 15 constituencies.[18][21] Niinistö is described as a pragmatical fiscal conservative and a pro-European and supporting restraint of bailouts to partner countries. Upon taking office, Niinistö intended to strengthen interaction with the United States and China and maintain good relations with Russia as well as address the European debt crisis.[20] Niinistö was re-elected in 2018 for a second six-year term. He ran as an independent but had the support of the National Coalition Party.[22] In 2014, Katainen stepped down as party chair and Prime Minister of Finland for a vice-president position in the European Commission.[23] Katainen was replaced by Alexander Stubb as chair of the National Coalition Party in the June 2014 leadership election and thus became the prime minister. Katainen's cabinet was likewise succeeded by the cabinet of Alexander Stubb on 23 June 2014.[9] Stubb went on to lead the party into the 2015 parliamentary election, in which the National Coalition Party placed second in votes and third in parliamentary seats.[24] After the election, National Coalition joined a right-leaning majority coalition consisting of the three largest parties – the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party.[25] During his term, Stubb faced growing criticism for the NCP's poor poll results, the declining economy as well as compromises in the three-party government. After two years as party chair, Stubb was voted by 441 to 361 to be replaced by Petteri Orpo at the leadership election of June 2016.[26] Ideology and political positionAccording to its 2006-adopted platform, the National Coalition Party's policy is based on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equality of opportunity, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring".[6] The party is described by literature as a liberal[3] and conservative[4] as well as a liberal-conservative[5] party in the centre-right[2] with catch-all party characteristics.[27] The non-profit Democratic Society described it as "the heir to both liberal and conservative strains of right-of-centre thought" that is becoming increasingly liberal compared to its official stance of conservatism.[7] Specifically, it contains elements of cultural and economic liberalism and social reformism.[28] For example, it supports multiculturalism, work-based immigration, gay rights and same sex marriage.[7][29][30][31] Although formerly considered to have been critical of the Nordic welfare model and campaigning for strict doctrines of economic liberalism, in the 1970s the party shifted to supporting more social liberalism, such as increased social security and a welfare state, justified by increased individual liberty.[32] In international relations, the party advocates for multilateralism. The National Coalition Party is pro-European and it supports continued European integration and close relations with the European Union (EU). Likewise, the party publicly advocates Finnish membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).[33] Voter baseThe magazine Suomen Kuvalehti created a profile of a typical National Coalition Party voter from over 18,000 interviews in 2011: a 36-year-old lawyer or management consultant living with a family in the Capital region who supports economic liberalism and conservative values and enjoys alpine skiing and golf.[34] Unlike other conservative parties in Europe, the party's voters are predominantly urban while rural regions favor the Centre Party.[7] In 2005, the NCP had the highest proportion of women members out of the major parties.[35] Membership in the party was momentarily on the rise in 2008, but had declined from 41,000 to 34,000 by 2016.[36] In contrast, the party had 81,000 members in 1970.[37] According to 2008 polling data, the National Coalition Party was the most positively viewed party by Finns[38] and was the most favored party among young generations in 2008 and 2014 polls.[39][40] OrganisationThe main structure of the National Coalition Party comprises municipal and local chapters organized into districts and as well as the women's, student and youth wings. The party conference ({{Lang-fi|puoluekokous}}), the main decision-making body convening every two years with representatives from the suborganisations as its members, elects the party chair and three deputy chairs as well as the 61-member party council ({{Lang-fi|puoluevaltuusto}}).[41] The party chair and the deputy chairs lead the party board ({{Lang-fi|puoluehallitus}}), which is in charge of the daily management and is composed of a representative from each district and from each of the three wings. The party council also elects the party secretary to head the main office, located in Helsinki, and to coordinate the National Coalition Party's activities according to the board's decisions. Additionally, the NCP has separate groups for coordinating ministers, members of Parliament, and members of the European Parliament.[41] Two foundations, {{Lang|fi|Kansallissäätiö}} and {{Lang|fi|Porvarillisen Työn Arkiston Säätiö}}, assist the party with a source of funding and as an archive, respectively.[42][43] Reportedly, donations to {{Lang|fi|Kansallissäätiö}} are kept secret, but according to the treasurer, donations are a limited asset compared to the foundation's 5 million euro investment capital. In 2008, the foundation supported NCP with €400,000.[44] The NCP owns two companies, {{Lang|fi|Kansalliskustannus Oy}} and {{Lang|fi|Suomen Kansallismedia Oy}}, to publish the party newspapers {{Lang|fi|Nykypäivä}} and {{Lang|fi|Verkkouutiset}} as well as to handle media communications.[45] Additionally, some thematic organizations report themselves as close to the party, such as the Swedish-language group {{Lang|sv|Borgerlig samling i Finland}}[46] and the LGBT network {{Lang|fi|Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary}}.[47] Election results{{See also|Elections in Finland}}Election results are based on respective files of the Official Statistics of Finland ({{Lang-fi|Suomen virallinen tilasto}}) published by the national Statistics Finland institution.Parliament of FinlandImageSize = width:1010 height:240 PlotArea = width:900 height:160 left:50 bottom:60 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:25 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:0 PlotData= bar:% color:oceanblue width:22 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S bar:1919 from:start till:15.71 text:15,7 bar:1922 from:start till:18.15 text:18,1 bar:1924 from:start till:18.99 text:19,0 bar:1927 from:start till:17.74 text:17,7 bar:1929 from:start till:14.51 text:14,5 bar:1930 from:start till:18.05 text:18,1 bar:1933 from:start till:16.93 text:16,9 bar:1936 from:start till:10.36 text:10,4 bar:1939 from:start till:13.58 text:13,6 bar:1945 from:start till:15.04 text:15,0 bar:1948 from:start till:17.04 text:17,0 bar:1951 from:start till:14.57 text:14,6 bar:1954 from:start till:12.80 text:12,8 bar:1958 from:start till:15.28 text:15,3 bar:1962 from:start till:15.06 text:15,1 bar:1966 from:start till:13.79 text:13,8 bar:1970 from:start till:18.05 text:18,1 bar:1972 from:start till:17.59 text:17,6 bar:1975 from:start till:18.37 text:18,4 bar:1979 from:start till:21.65 text:21,7 bar:1983 from:start till:22.12 text:22,1 bar:1987 from:start till:23.13 text:23,1 bar:1991 from:start till:19.31 text:19,3 bar:1995 from:start till:17.89 text:17,9 bar:1999 from:start till:21.03 text:21,0 bar:2003 from:start till:18.55 text:18,6 bar:2007 from:start till:22.26 text:22,3 bar:2011 from:start till:20.44 text:20,4 bar:2015 from:start till:18.20 text:18,2
European Parliament
Municipal
PresidentialThe below tables indicate which presidential candidate NCP supported, but not necessarily if the candidate was a member of the party.[18]
Prominent party leadersThe following NCP members have held high offices:[48]
See also
Notes and referencesNotes
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/finland.html|title=Finland|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2015|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260|title=Political Institutions in Europe|last1=Lane|first1=Jan-Erik|last2=Ersson|first2=Svante|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-1-134-07354-2|editor=Colomer|editor-first=Josep|location=|page=260|chapter=The Nordic Countries: Compromise and Corporatism in the Welfare State}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Finn Laursen|chapter=The Nordic countries: between scepticism and adaptation|editor=Maurizio Carbone|title=National Politics and European Integration: From the Constitution to the Lisbon Treaty|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hM8zIzPatUoC&pg=PA188|year=2010|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84980-514-8|page=188}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book |first=Lawrence |last=Ezrow |chapter=Electoral Systems and Party Responsiveness |editor1=Norman Schofield |editor2=Gonzalo Caballero |title=Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wthzLK6m8gC&pg=PA319 |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-19519-8 |page=319}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Mads Dagnis Jensen|chapter=The Nordic countries and the European Parliament|editor1=Caroline Howard Grøn|editor2=Peter Nedergaard|editor3=Anders Wivel|title=The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community?|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2vABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-53661-1|page=89}} 6. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.kokoomus.fi/en/programme-of-principles/|title=Programme of Principles|last=|first=|date=2016|work=National Coalition Party|access-date=26 November 2017|language=en-UK|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040659/https://www.kokoomus.fi/en/programme-of-principles/|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://www.demsoc.org/2014/03/03/national-coalition-party-kok/|title=National Coalition Party (KOK)|last=Terry|first=Chris|date=3 March 2014|website=The Democratic Society|accessdate=18 July 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119161556/http://www.demsoc.org/2014/03/03/national-coalition-party-kok/|archivedate=19 November 2017|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Suomalaiskansallinen Kokoomus osa 1: Suomalaisen puolueen ja Kansallisen kokoomuspuolueen historia vuoteen 1929|last=Leino-Kaukiainen|first=Pirkko|publisher=Suomen kansalliskirja|year=1994|isbn=|location=Helsinki|pages=}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite book|title=Suomen puolueet: Vapauden ajasta maailmantuskaan|last=Mickelsson|first=Rauli|publisher=Vastapaino|year=2015|isbn=978-951-768-531-3|location=|pages=|language=fi|trans-title=Parties of Finland: From the age of liberty to world-weariness}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1918|title=Kansalaisille|trans-title=For the Citizens|url=|journal=Foundational Meeting of the National Coalition Party|language=fi|volume=|pages=|via=}} 11. ^{{Cite book|title=Kansallisen Kokoomuspuolueen ohjelma|last=|first=|date=2 February 1919|publisher=National Coalition Party|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=fi|trans-title=Programme of the National Coalition Party}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1996/20.syyskuu/HIST1.HTM|title=Kokoomus itsenäisessä Suomessa 1918–44|last=Ahtokivi|first=Ilkka|date=1996|website=Verkkouutiset|language=fi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030513231557/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1996/20.syyskuu/HIST1.HTM|archive-date=13 May 2003|dead-url=yes|access-date=26 November 2017|df=dmy-all}} 13. ^{{Cite book|title=Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary|last=Wilsford|first=David|publisher=Greenwood|year=1995|isbn=978-0-313-26213-5|location=|pages=347–352}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1996/20.syyskuu/VALPO.HTM|title=Kokoomus Valpon silmätikkuna|last=Ahtokivi|first=Ilkka|date=1996|website=Verkkojulkaisu|language=fi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030513232452/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1996/20.syyskuu/VALPO.HTM|archive-date=13 May 2003|dead-url=yes|access-date=26 November 2017|df=dmy-all}} 15. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Suomen puolueiden muuttuminen 1945–1980|last=Valtala|first=Onni|publisher=University of Turku|year=1981|isbn=|location=Turku|pages=}} 16. ^{{Cite book|title=Kokoomus eilen ja tänään|last=Saukkonen|first=Jussi|last2=Rihtniemi|first2=Juha|last3=Korjus|first3=Jaakko|publisher=National Coalition Party|year=1968|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 17. ^{{Cite book|url=http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/histo/pg/tuomisalo/kokoomus.pdf|title=Kokoomus, Kekkonen ja NKP:n luottamus. Kansallisen Kokoomuksen toiminta hallitusaseman saavuttamiseksi 1969–1981|last=Tuomisalo|first=Tomi|publisher=University of Helsinki|year=2006|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=fi|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217203107/http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/histo/pg/tuomisalo/kokoomus.pdf|archivedate=17 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} 18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite news|url=https://www.kokoomus.fi/faktat/tata-on-kokoomus/historia/|title=Kokoomuksen historia|last=|first=|date=|work=National Coalition Party|access-date=26 November 2017|language=fi-FI|trans-title=History of the National Coalition Party|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705041846/https://www.kokoomus.fi/faktat/tata-on-kokoomus/historia/|archivedate=5 July 2017|df=dmy-all}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/04/06/world/politics-diplomacy-world/finnish-pm-to-step-down-seek-new-eu-post/|title=Finnish PM to step down, seek new EU post|last=|first=|date=6 April 2014|work=The Japan Times|access-date=26 November 2017|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042846/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/04/06/world/politics-diplomacy-world/finnish-pm-to-step-down-seek-new-eu-post/|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 20. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtvMDQAAQBAJ|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2015: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World|last=Turner|first=B.|date=27 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349672783|location=|pages=459–460|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215205846/https://books.google.com/books?id=YtvMDQAAQBAJ|archivedate=15 February 2018|df=dmy-all}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5297162|title=Sauli Niinistö is Finland's 12th president|last=|first=|date=5 February 2012|website=Yle Uutiset|language=en|access-date=26 November 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news|url=https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/E-2015/en/tulos_kokomaa.html|title=Parliamentary election 2015: Party results|date=2016-06-02|publisher=Ministry of Justice|access-date=2018-06-22}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/sipila_opts_for_right-leaning_government/7979421 |title=Sipilä opts for right-leaning government |date=2015-05-29|publisher=Yle News|access-date=2018-06-22}} 26. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-government-stubb/finlands-co-ruling-ncp-ousts-finance-minister-stubb-as-party-chief-idUSKCN0YX0A6|title=Finland's center-right replaces outspoken Stubb as party chief|last=|first=|date=12 June 2016|work=Reuters|access-date=27 November 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033534/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-government-stubb/finlands-co-ruling-ncp-ousts-finance-minister-stubb-as-party-chief-idUSKCN0YX0A6|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 27. ^{{cite book|author=Lauri Karvonen|title=Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SxmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|year= 2014|publisher=ECPR Press|isbn=978-1-910259-33-7|page=20}} 28. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ch/books?id=SMw2DwAAQBAJ|title=The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide: History, Politics, Culture and Economy of a European Role Model|last=Henningsen|first=Bernd|last2=Etzold|first2=Tobias|last3=Krister|first3=Hanne|date=19 September 2017|publisher=BWV Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag|isbn=9783830517481|location=|pages=331|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109235526/https://books.google.ch/books?id=SMw2DwAAQBAJ|archivedate=9 January 2018|df=dmy-all}} 29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/94964-kokoomus-%E2%80%9Davioliitto-sukupuolineutraaliksi%E2%80%9D|title=Kokoomus: ”Avioliitto sukupuolineutraaliksi”|last=|first=|date=13 June 2010|work=Uusi Suomi|access-date=26 November 2017|language=fi|trans-title=National Coalition Party: Marriage to be gender neutral|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017110634/http://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/94964-kokoomus-%E2%80%9Davioliitto-sukupuolineutraaliksi%E2%80%9D|archivedate=17 October 2015|df=dmy-all}} 30. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bucken-Knapp|first=Gregg|last2=Hinnfors|first2=Jonas|last3=Spehar|first3=Andrea|last4=Levin|first4=Pia|date=1 November 2014|title=No nordic model: Understanding differences in the labour migration policy preferences of mainstream Finnish and Swedish political parties|journal=Comparative European Politics|language=en|volume=12|issue=6|pages=584–602|doi=10.1057/cep.2014.22|issn=1472-4790}} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/centre_party_split_over_immigration/7852232|title=Centre Party split over immigration|last=|first=|date=7 March 2015|website=|publisher=Yle Uutiset|access-date=26 November 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032318/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/centre_party_split_over_immigration/7852232|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 32. ^{{Cite book|url=http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:ELE-757619|title=Suomalainen oikeisto ja "kansankoti" : Kansallisen kokoomuksen suhtautuminen pohjoismaiseen hyvinvointivaltiomalliin jälleenrakennuskaudelta konsensusajan alkuun|last=Smolander|first=Jyrki|publisher=University of Turku|year=2000|isbn=978-951-45-9652-0|location=|pages=|trans-title=The Finnish Right Wing and "Folkhemmet" – Attitudes of the National Coalition Party towards the Nordic Welfare Model from the Period of Reconstruction to the Beginning of Consensus}} 33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/politiikka/kokoomuksen%20kannanotot-51679|title=Kokoomus päätti Nato-linjastaan: Puolustusliittoon lähivuosina|last=|first=|date=12 June 2016|work=|accessdate=12 June 2016|publisher=Verkkouutiset|language=fi|trans-title=National Coalition Party's decision on their NATO policy: Join the Alliance in upcoming years|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613112914/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/politiikka/kokoomuksen%20kannanotot-51679|archivedate=13 June 2016|df=dmy-all}} 34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://suomenkuvalehti.fi/jutut/kotimaa/vaalit2011-sk32011/|title=Tällaisia ovat puolueiden peruskannattajat, katso profiilit ja kuvat|last=|first=|date=20 January 2011|work=Suomen Kuvalehti|access-date=27 November 2017|language=fi-FI|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034411/https://suomenkuvalehti.fi/jutut/kotimaa/vaalit2011-sk32011/|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 35. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.ts.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/1074069596/HS+Suurissa+puolueissa+miesenemmisto|title=HS: Suurissa puolueissa miesenemmistö|last=|first=|date=18 September 2005|work=Turun Sanomat|access-date=26 November 2017|language=fi-FI|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032759/http://www.ts.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/1074069596/HS+Suurissa+puolueissa+miesenemmisto|archivedate=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hs.fi/politiikka/artikkeli/Kokoomus+vihre%C3%A4t+ja+perussuomalaiset+kasvattavat+j%C3%A4senm%C3%A4%C3%A4ri%C3%A4%C3%A4n/1135238302741|title=Kokoomus, vihreät ja perussuomalaiset kasvattavat jäsenmääriään|author=|first=|date=8 February 2008|website=|publisher=Helsingin Sanomat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425182843/http://www.hs.fi/politiikka/artikkeli/Kokoomus+vihre%C3%A4t+ja+perussuomalaiset+kasvattavat+j%C3%A4senm%C3%A4%C3%A4ri%C3%A4%C3%A4n/1135238302741|archive-date=25 April 2011|dead-url=yes|accessdate=18 April 2011|df=}} 37. ^1 {{cite web |title=Puolueiden jäsenmäärien kehitys (ilmoitetut jäsenrekisteritiedot) |language=fi |url=https://www.vaalitutkimus.fi/fi/kiinnittyminen/puolueiden_jasenmaarien_kehitys.html |publisher=Finnish Election Study Portal |date=29 November 2016 |accessdate=26 November 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041405/https://www.vaalitutkimus.fi/fi/kiinnittyminen/puolueiden_jasenmaarien_kehitys.html |archivedate=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }} 38. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/35364-tutkimus-kokoomus-saa-puolueista-eniten-myonteisyytta|title=Tutkimus: Kokoomus saa puolueista eniten myönteisyyttä|last=|first=|date=18 September 2008|work=Uusi Suomi|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430181205/http://www.uusisuomi.fi/kotimaa/35364-tutkimus-kokoomus-saa-puolueista-eniten-myonteisyytta|archive-date=30 April 2011|dead-url=yes|df=}} 39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/talous_ja_politiikka/article407650.ece|title=Kokoomus ja vihreät kirivät nuorten suosioon|last=|first=|date=3 December 2008|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229203800/http://yle.fi/uutiset/talous_ja_politiikka/article407650.ece|archive-date=29 February 2012|dead-url=yes|access-date=26 November 2017|df=}} 40. ^{{Cite news|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7712321|title=Kokoomus on yhä nuorten suosikki: SDP:n sanoma ei pure|last=|first=|date=31 December 2014|work=Yle Uutiset|access-date=30 November 2017|language=fi|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201084049/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7712321|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 41. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/frantic/kokoomus/Kansallinen-Kokoomus-rp-s%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6t-2014.pdf|title=Kansallinen Kokoomus r.p:n säännöt|last=|first=|date=18 September 2014|website=National Coalition Party|language=fi|trans-title=Rules of the National Coalition Party|access-date=27 November 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620145712/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/frantic/kokoomus/Kansallinen-Kokoomus-rp-s%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6t-2014.pdf|archivedate=20 June 2017|df=dmy-all}} 42. ^{{Cite book|title=Talo Pasilassa – Kansallissäätiö 1958–1994|last=Poukka|first=Pentti|publisher=Karisto|year=1996|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 43. ^{{Cite book|title=Puolue ja säätiö: Kansallisen Kokoomuspuolueen Säätiö 1924–1984|last=Poukka|first=Pentti|publisher=Säätiö|year=1984|isbn=978-951-99568-4-8|location=|pages=}} 44. ^{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5866462|title=Kokoomus-säätiö pitää lahjoittajat salassa|last=|first=|date=21 August 2009|website=Yle Uutiset|language=fi|trans-title=National Coalition Party foundation keeps its donors secret|access-date=28 November 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042825/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-5866462|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 45. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.kokoomus.fi/ota-yhteytta/yhteystiedot/puolueen-yhtiot/|title=Puolueen yhtiöt|last=|first=|date=|work=National Coalition Party|access-date=27 November 2017|language=fi-FI|trans-title=Party companies|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704212837/https://www.kokoomus.fi/ota-yhteytta/yhteystiedot/puolueen-yhtiot/|archivedate=4 July 2017|df=dmy-all}} 46. ^{{Cite news|url=http://borgerligsamling.fi/om-oss/|title=Om oss|last=|first=|date=|work=Borgerlig Samling i Finland|access-date=27 November 2017|language=sv-SE|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032607/http://borgerligsamling.fi/om-oss/|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 47. ^{{Cite news|url=http://kasary.fi/kasary-jaa-mika/|title=Tästä on kyse|last=|first=|date=|work=Kansallinen Sateenkaariryhmä|access-date=27 November 2017|language=fi-FI|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032830/http://kasary.fi/kasary-jaa-mika/|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}} 48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/governments-and-ministers|title=Governments and Ministers since 1917|last=|first=|date=|website=Finnish Government|language=en-US|access-date=17 January 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054845/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/governments-and-ministers|archivedate=10 January 2018|df=dmy-all}} External links{{Commons category|National Coalition Party}}
13 : Liberal conservative parties|Conservative parties in Finland|Pro-European political parties|International Democrat Union member parties|Political parties established in 1918|1918 establishments in Finland|Conservatism in Finland|Member parties of the European People's Party|Parties represented in the European Parliament|Registered political parties in Finland|Political parties of the Russian Revolution|Liberal parties in Finland|Liberalism in Europe |
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