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词条 National conservatism
释义

  1. Ideology

     Social policies  Economic policies 

  2. List of national conservative political parties

     Current national conservative parties or parties with national conservative factions  Former national conservative parties or parties with national conservative factions 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. Books

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}{{Conservatism sidebar |Schools}}National conservatism is a variant of conservatism that concentrates more on national interests and upholding cultural or ethnic identity than most other conservatives.{{sfn|Mandal|2007|p=306}} In Europe, national conservatives are usually Eurosceptics.[1][2] National conservatism shares characteristics with traditionalist conservatism and social conservatism given how the three variations focus on preservation and tradition. As national conservatism seeks to preserve national interests, traditional conservatism emphasizes ancestral institutions and social conservatism.[3][4][5] National-conservative parties often have roots in environments with a rural, traditionalist or peripheral basis, contrasting with the more urban support base of liberal-conservative parties.[6]

Most conservative parties in post-communist Central and Southeastern Europe since 1989 have been national conservative.[7]

Ideology

Social policies

National conservative parties are "socially traditional"[1] and support the traditional family and social stability.[7] According to the Austrian political scientist Sieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity and emotion."[7] Many national conservatives are thus social conservatives, as well as in favor of limiting immigration and enacting law-and-order policies.[1]

Economic policies

National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy: their views may range from support of a planned economy to a centrist mixed economy to a laissez-faire approach.{{sfn|Mandal|2007|p=306}} In the first, more common, case, national conservatives can be distinguished from liberal conservatives,[8] for whom free market economic policies, deregulation and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and economic liberal conservatism: "most parties of the Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalized social, cultural, and national conservatives."[8]

List of national conservative political parties

Current national conservative parties or parties with national conservative factions

The following political parties have been characterised as national conservative, at least as one of their ideological influences.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Albania: Democratic Party of Albania,[9] Republican Party of Albania[10]
  • Austria: Freedom Party of Austria,[11] Alliance for the Future of Austria[12]
  • Belgium: Vlaams Belang[13]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: Party of Democratic Progress[9]
  • Brazil: Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, Patriota, Social Liberal Party
  • Bulgaria: IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement,[14] Union of Democratic Forces,[9] Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria,[9] Democratic Party[9]
  • Chile: Independent Democratic Union[15]
  • Croatia: Croatian Democratic Union[9][16]
  • Cyprus: Solidarity Movement[17]
  • Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Party,[18][19] Realists[20]
  • Denmark: Danish People's Party[21]
  • Estonia: Pro Patria,[9] Conservative People's Party of Estonia[22]
  • Finland: Finns Party[23][24]
  • France: National Rally,[25] France Arise[26]
  • Germany: Alternative for Germany[27]
  • Greece: Independent Greeks[28]
  • Hungary: Fidesz,[9][29][30] Christian Democratic People's Party,[31] Independent Smallholders Party[31]
  • India: Bharatiya Janata Party[32]
  • Israel: Likud[33][34] The Jewish Home, Yisrael Beitenu, New Right
  • Italy: Brothers of Italy,[35] Citizens' Union for South Tyrol,[36] South Tyrolean Freedom[36][37]
  • Japan: Liberal Democratic Party[38]
  • Latvia: National Alliance[39]
  • Lithuania: Homeland Union,[9] Order and Justice[40]
  • Luxembourg: Alternative Democratic Reform Party[41]
  • Macedonia: VMRO-DPMNE[9]
  • Montenegro: New Serb Democracy[42]
  • Netherlands: Forum for Democracy[43]
  • Norway: Progress Party[44]
  • Poland: Law and Justice[9][45]
  • Portugal: CDS – People's Party[46]
  • Russia: United Russia[47]
  • Serbia: Serbian Progressive Party,[65] Democratic Party of Serbia[9][48]
  • Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party[9]
  • Slovakia: We Are Family,[49] Slovak National Party[1]
  • South Africa: Freedom Front Plus
  • Sweden: Sweden Democrats[50]
  • Spain: VOX
  • Switzerland: Swiss People's Party,[51] Federal Democratic Union[52]
  • Turkey: Justice and Development Party,[53] Nationalist Movement Party,[54] İyi Party[55][56][57][58][59][60]
  • United Kingdom: Democratic Unionist Party,[61] Traditional Unionist Voice,[62] UKIP
  • United States: Republican Party{{cn|date=October 2018}}
{{div col end}}

Former national conservative parties or parties with national conservative factions

{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
  • Canada: Union Nationale[63]
  • Czech Republic: National Party, National Unity
  • Germany: German National People's Party[64]
  • Hungary: Hungarian Democratic Forum[30][31]
  • Italy: National Alliance,[65][66] The Right[67]
  • Romania: Conservative Party[9]
  • San Marino: Sammarinese People, Sammarinese National Alliance
  • Slovakia: People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia
{{div col end}}

See also

{{Portal|Conservatism}}
  • Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
  • European Alliance for Freedom
  • Europe of Nations and Freedom
  • Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
  • Nationalism
  • New nationalism (21st century)
  • Paleoconservatism
  • Radical right (Europe)
  • Right-wing populism
  • Souverainism
  • Opposition to immigration

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
2. ^Traynor, Ian, The EU's weary travellers The Guardian, 4 April 2006
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005867754|title=ESSENTIALS OF POLITICAL IDEAS : for a level.|last=ANDREW.|first=HEYWOOD,|date=2018|publisher=PALGRAVE|isbn=1137611677|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1005867754}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839305105|title=Varieties of conservatism in America|date=2004|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|others=Berkowitz, Peter, 1959-|isbn=0817945725|location=Stanford, Calif.|oclc=839305105}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896728569|title=Mediations of social life in the 21st century|others=Dahms, Harry F.,|isbn=9781784412227|edition= First|location=Bingle, UK|oclc=896728569}}
6. ^{{cite book|author1=Vít Hloušek|author2=Lubomír Kopecek|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMsoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08503-4|page=178}}
7. ^1 Rosenberger, Sieglinde, Europe is swinging towards the right - What are the effects on women?, University of Vienna, 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
8. ^1 National Questions, National Review, Vol. 49, Issue 12, 30 June 1997, pp. 16-17
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{Citation |first=Elisabeth |last=Bakke |title=Central and East European party systems since 1989 |work=Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |page=79}}
10. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/albania.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Gerard Braunthal|title=Right-Wing Extremism in Contemporary Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iOHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-25116-8|page=158}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Oliver Rathkolb|title=The Paradoxical Republic: Austria 1945-2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1jCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR11|year= 2010|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-396-3|page=11}}
13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pE8N38FE78C&q|title=Western Europe 2008|first=Wayne C.|last=Thompson|year=2008|publisher=Stryker Post Pubns|isbn=978-1-887985-98-7|page=201}}
14. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/bulgaria.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
15. ^{{Citation |first=Peadar |last=Kirby |title=Introduction to Latin America: Twenty-first century challenges |publisher=SAGE |year=2003 |page=157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEN3n44WLQ8C&pg=PA157}}
16. ^{{cite book|author=Marko Stojić|title=Party Responses to the EU in the Western Balkans: Transformation, Opposition or Defiance?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBo0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|year=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-59563-4|pages=82–83}}
17. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/cyprus.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=22 May 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Détails ODS - Election(s)Meter|url=http://fr.electionsmeter.com/d%C3%A9tail/ODS-id236|website=fr.electionsmeter.com|accessdate=15 May 2016}}
19. ^{{cite web|last1=Pehe|first1=Jiří|title=Má liberalismus v České republice šanci? — Jiří Pehe|url=http://www.pehe.cz/Members/redaktor/ma-liberalismus-v-ceske-republice-sanci|website=www.pehe.cz|accessdate=15 May 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Politolog Robejšek založil konzervativní stranu Realisté. Ve volbách chce získat 20 procent hlasů|url=https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/politolog-robejsek-zalozil-konzervativni-stranu-realiste/r~df4bede2b22d11e686630025900fea04/|website=Aktuálně.cz - Víte co se právě děje|accessdate=24 November 2016}}
21. ^{{Cite book|editor=Uwe Backes, Patrick Moreau|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uMkEZnJQHksC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives|chapter=The Victorious Parties - Unity in Diversity?|author=Moreau, Patrick|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|page=101|isbn=9783647369228}}
22. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/estonia.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/finland.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
24. ^{{Citation|title=Flags and hymns are not for Finns: An analysis of the European elections in Finland before the fact|page=4|first=Aaretti|last=Siitonen|work=The Finnish Institute of International Affairs|year=2009|url=http://www.fiia.fi/assets/events/UPI_Briefing_Paper_32_2009.pdf}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/politique/2015/04/13/31001-20150413ARTFIG00155-jean-yves-camus-marion-le-pen-incarne-la-ligne-nationale-conservatrice-du-fn.php |title=Jean-Yves Camus |publisher=Lefigaro.fr |date=13 April 2015 |accessdate=29 October 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/france.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
27. ^{{cite book|author=Simon Franzmann|editor1=Gabriele D'Ottavio|editor2=Thomas Saalfeld|title=Germany After the 2013 Elections: Breaking the Mould of Post-Unification Politics?|chapter=The Failed Struggle for Office Instead of Votes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mLBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2015|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4724-4439-4|pages=166–167}}
28. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/greece.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
29. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/hungary.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
30. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Vít Hloušek|author2=Lubomír Kopecek|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMsoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08503-4|page=171}}
31. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=András Körösényi|title=Government and Politics in Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXpRQNITwV0C&pg=PA31|year= 1999|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9116-76-4|pages=31–32}}
32. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.csm.org.pl/en/analysis/category/53-2014%3Fdownload%3D617:m-bonikowska-india-after-the-elections-inspirations-for-europe-vi-2014-eng|year=2014|issue=6|title=India After The Elections|first=Monika|last=Bonikowska|work=Centre for International Relations|page=2|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924230618/http://www.csm.org.pl/en/analysis/category/53-2014%3Fdownload%3D617:m-bonikowska-india-after-the-elections-inspirations-for-europe-vi-2014-eng|archivedate=24 September 2017}}
33. ^{{cite web|work=Konrad Adenauer Foundation|page=1|title=The short life of the “National Unity Government” |date=July 2012|url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_31738-544-2-30.pdf?120730082726}}
34. ^{{Cite book|year=1999|title=Peace enemies: the past and present conflict between Israel and Palestine|page=28|publisher=PASSIA|first=Ludwig|last=Watzal}}
35. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
36. ^1 Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck
37. ^{{cite book|author=Andrea Carla|chapter=Tensions and Challenges between New and Old minorities: Political Party Discourses on Migration in South Tyrol|editor1=Roberta Medda-Windischer|editor2=Patricia Popelier|title=Pro-independence Movements and Immigration: Discourse, Policy and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szHFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|year=2016|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29439-4|page=70}}
38. ^{{Cite book|title=Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia|last=Ganesan|page=67|year=2015|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}}
39. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/latvia.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
40. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/lithuania.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
41. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/luxembourg.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
42. ^{{Citation |first=Wolfram |last=Nordsieck |title=Montenegro |work=Parties and Elections in Europe |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html}}
43. ^{{cite news|date=20 March 2018|title=Dutch Local Election Candidate: 'Current EU is a Monster, It's Undemocratic'|url=https://sputniknews.com/analysis/201803201062724207-dutch-local-election-candidate-eu-monster/|work=Sputnik}}
44. ^{{Cite book|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|first=Andrew|last=Heywood|year=2017|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|page=93}}
45. ^{{cite book|author1=Vít Hloušek|author2=Lubomír Kopecek|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMsoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08503-4|page=196}}
46. ^{{Citation|author=David Art|chapter=Memory Politics in Western Europe|editor1=Uwe Backes|editor2=Patrick Moreau|title=The Extreme Right in Europe |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-525-36922-7 |page=364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBnmachN8vkC&pg=PA364}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.diena.lv/raksts/kd/maksla/is-national-conservatism-the-new-ideology-of-the-russian-people-640460 |title=Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People? / Diena |work=Diena.lv |date= |accessdate=29 October 2018}}
48. ^1 {{cite web|author=Wolfram * Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/serbia.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovakia.html|title=Slovakia|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|accessdate=29 August 2018|year=2016}}
50. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA194|title=The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis|author1=Peter Starke|author2=Alexandra Kaasch|author3=Franca Van Hooren|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2013|isbn=978-1-137-31484-0|page=194}}
51. ^{{cite book|author1=Daniel Kübler|author2=Urs Scheuss|author3=Philippe Rochat|chapter=The Metropolitan Bases of Political Cleavage in Switzerland|editor1=Jefferey M. Sellers|editor2=Daniel Kübler|editor3=R. Alan Walks|editor4=Melanie Walter-Rogg|title=The Political Ecology of the Metropolis: Metropolitan Sources of Electoral Behaviour in Eleven Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMb9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|year=2013|publisher=ECPR Press|isbn=978-1-907301-44-5|page=211}}
52. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/switzerland.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
53. ^{{cite news|url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Sl32wdBptjIJ:https://www.ft.com/content/f452a898-397e-11dc-ab48-0000779fd2ac+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|title=Erdoğan's Triumph|quote=The AKP is now a national conservative party — albeit rebalancing power away from the westernised urban elite and towards Turkey's traditional heartland of Anatolia — as well as the Muslim equivalent of Europe's Christian Democrats.|date=24 July 2007|work=Financial Times}}
54. ^{{cite book|title=Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|page=127|first=Ali|last=Carkoglu}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://de.rt.com/1jev|title= Türkei: Meral Akşener will als Präsidentin vier Millionen syrische Flüchtlinge zurückschicken |publisher=RTDeutsch|date=22 June 2018|accessdate=27 June 2018}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.watson.de/international/politik/105039221--opposition-warnt-vor-ein-mann-herrschaft-erste-meldungen-wegen-unregelmae-igkeiten-|title=++ In Türkei festgenommene Deutsche wieder frei ++ Erdogan zum Sieger erklärt++ |publisher=watson|date=25 June 2018|accessdate=27 June 2018}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/deutschland-welt/deutschland-welt-politik_artikel,-auszaehlung-in-der-tuerkei-laeuft-erdogans-vorsprung-schmilzt-_arid,1742405.html|title=Auszählung in der Türkei läuft: Erdogans Vorsprung schmilzt|publisher=Weser-Kurier|date=24 June 2018|accessdate=27 June 2018}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tag24.de/nachrichten/tuerkei-wahl-erzurum-mehmet-siddik-durmaz-tot-erschossen-ermittlungen-polizei-erdogan-655168|title=Schüsse! Politiker der Opposition bei Wahl getötet|publisher=Morgenpost|date=24 June 2018|accessdate=27 June 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kreiszeitung.de/politik/tuerkei-wahl-2018-news-erdogan-ergebnisse-manipulation-deutschland-zr-9977359.html|title=Nach Erdogan-Wahl und Diktator-Vergleich: EU-Beitrittsverhandlungen "zum Stillstand gekommen"|publisher=Kreiszeitung|date=26 June 2018|accessdate=27 June 2018}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.de/nachrichten_artikel,-tuerkei-wahlen-oppositionspolitiker-in-osttuerkei-getoetet-_arid,367950.html|title=Türkei-Wahlen: Oppositionspolitiker in Osttürkei getötet|publisher=Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung|date=24 June 2018|accessdate=27 June 2018}}
61. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/unitedkingdom.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
62. ^{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/nireland.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |date= |accessdate=9 May 2015}}
63. ^{{cite book|author=Anne Griffin|title=Quebec, the Challenge of Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtJsEoJIugYC&pg=PA27|year=1984|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3135-5|page=27}}
64. ^{{cite book|author=Ulrike Ehret|chapter=The Catholic right, political Catholicism and radicalism: the Catholic right in Germany|title=Church, Nation and Race: Catholics and Antisemitism in Germany and England, 1918-45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZfLCgAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-84779-452-9}}
65. ^{{Citation|author=Marco Tarchi|title=Recalcitrant Allies: The Conflicting Foreign Policy Agenda of the Alleanza Nazionale and the Lega Nord|work=Europe for the Europeans |publisher=Ashgate|year=2007|page=188}}
66. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Leonardi|title=Government and Politics of Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tzs1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154|year=2017|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-349-93231-3|page=154}}
67. ^{{cite book|editor=Tom Lansford|title=Political Handbook of the World 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUF1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA715|year=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-5825-6|page=715}}

Books

{{cite book|last=Mandal|first=U.C.|title=Dictionary Of Public Administration|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Hs0xJORVIHwC&dq=National+conservatism&source=gbs_navlinks_s|year=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-8-1762-5784-8|ref=harv}}{{Nationalism}}{{Conservatism footer}}

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