| 词条 | Vyborg |
| 释义 |
|en_name=Vyborg |ru_name=Выборг |other_name=Viipuri / Viborg |other_lang=Finnish / Swedish |image_skyline=Vyborg June2012 View from Olaf Tower 06.jpg |image_caption=A view of Vyborg from the castle tower |coordinates = {{coord|60|43|N|28|46|E|display=inline,title}} |map_label_position=right |image_coa=Coat of arms of Vyborg.svg |coa_caption= |image_flag=Flag of Vyborg.svg |flag_caption= |anthem= |anthem_ref= |holiday= |holiday_ref= |federal_subject=Leningrad Oblast |federal_subject_ref=[1] |adm_data_as_of=June 2013 |adm_district_jur=Vyborgsky District |adm_district_jur_ref=[1] |adm_selsoviet_jur=Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation |adm_selsoviet_type=Settlement municipal formation |adm_selsoviet_jur_ref=[1] |adm_ctr_of1=Vyborgsky District |adm_ctr_of1_ref=[1] |adm_ctr_of2=Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation |adm_ctr_of2_ref=[1] |inhabloc_cat=Town |inhabloc_cat_ref=[1] |inhabloc_type= |inhabloc_type_ref= |mun_data_as_of=June 2013 |mun_district_jur=Vyborgsky Municipal District |mun_district_jur_ref=[7] |urban_settlement_jur=Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement |urban_settlement_jur_ref=[7] |mun_admctr_of1=Vyborgsky Municipal District |mun_admctr_of1_ref=[7] |mun_admctr_of2=Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement |mun_admctr_of2_ref=[7] |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref=[1] |leader_name=Gennady Orlov |leader_name_ref=[2] |representative_body=Council of Deputies |representative_body_ref=[1] |area_of_what= |area_as_of= |area_km2= |area_km2_ref= |pop_2010census=79962 |pop_2010census_rank=208th |pop_2010census_ref=[3] |pop_density= |pop_density_as_of= |pop_density_ref= |pop_latest= |pop_latest_date= |pop_latest_ref= |established_date=11th or 12th century |established_title= |established_date_ref=[15] |current_cat_date= |current_cat_date_ref= |prev_name1_ref= |postal_codes=188800–188802, 188804, 188805, 188807–188811, 188819, 188899 |dialing_codes=81378 |dialing_codes_ref=[4] |website=http://www.city.vbg.ru/ |website_ref= |date=March 2014 }} Vyborg ({{lang-rus|Выборг|p=ˈvɨbərk}};[5] {{lang-fi|Viipuri}} {{IPA-fi|ˈʋiːpuri|}};[6] {{lang-sv|Viborg}} {{IPA-sv|ˈviːbɔrj||sv-Viborg.ogg}}; {{lang-de|Wiborg}} {{IPA-de|ˈviːbɔɐ̯k|}}; {{lang-et|Viiburi}} {{IPA-et|ˈʋiːpuri|}}) is a town in, and the administrative center of, Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of the Vyborg Bay, {{convert|130|km|abbr=in}} to the northwest of St. Petersburg and {{convert|38|km|abbr=in}} south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland. The population of Vyborg has developed as follows: {{ru-census|p2010=79,962|p2002=79,224|p1989=80,924}}. Located in the boundary zone between the East Slavic/Russian and Finnish worlds, the town has changed hands several times in history, most recently in 1944 when the Soviet Union captured it from Finland during World War II. The city hosts the Russian end of the {{convert|1222|km|abbr=on}} Nord Stream gas pipeline, laid in 2011 and operated by a consortium led by Russia's Gazprom state hydrocarbons enterprise to pump {{convert|55|e9m3|abbr=off|sp=us}} of natural gas a year under the Baltic to Greifswald, Germany.[7] History{{Main|Fief of Viborg}}{{Quote box |width=23em |align=left |bgcolor=GhostWhite|title=Historical affiliations |fontsize=90% |quote={{flag|Sweden}} 1323–1710 {{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol (variant).svg}} Tsardom of Russia 1710–1721 {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} Russian Empire 1721–1811 {{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Grand Duchy of Finland-holding sabre.svg}} Grand Duchy of Finland (Russian Empire) 1811-1917 {{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}} Finland 1917–1918 {{flagicon image|Red_flag.svg}} Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1918 {{flag|Finland}} 1918–1940 {{flagicon image|Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg}} Soviet Union 1940–1941 {{flag|Finland}} 1941–1944 {{flag|Soviet Union}} 1944–1991 {{flag|Russia}} 1991–present }} According to archeological research, the area of what is now Vyborg used to be a trading center on the Vuoksi River's western branch, which has since dried up. The region was inhabited by the Karelians, a Balto-Finnic tribe which gradually came under the domination of Novgorod and Sweden.[8][9] It's been claimed that Vyborg appeared in the 11th–12th centuries as a mixed Karelian-Russian settlement,[10] although there isn't archeological proof of any East Slavic settlement of that time in the area[11] and it isn't mentioned in any earliest historical documents, such as the Novgorod First Chronicle or the Primary Chronicle. Wider settlement in the area of Vyborg is generally regarded to date from 13th century onwards when Hanseatic traders began traveling to Novgorod.[12] The Vyborg Castle was founded during the Third Swedish Crusade in 1293 by marsk Torkel Knutsson[10] on the site of an older Karelian fort which was burned.[13] The castle, which was the first center for the spread of Christianity in Karelia,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} was fought over for decades between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic. As a result of the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 between the Republic of Novgorod and Sweden, Vyborg was finally recognized as a part of Sweden. The town's trade privileges were chartered by the Pan-Scandinavian King Eric of Pomerania in 1403. It withstood a prolonged siege by Daniil Shchenya during the Russo–Swedish War of 1496–1497. Under Swedish rule, Vyborg was closely associated with the noble family of Bååt, originally from Småland. The late-medieval commanders and fief holders of Vyborg were (almost always) descended from or married to the Bååt family. In practice, though not having this as their formal title, they functioned as Margraves, had feudal privileges, and kept all the crown's incomes from the fief to use for the defense of the realm's eastern border. Vyborg remained in Swedish hands until its capture in 1710 after the Siege of Vyborg by Tsar Peter the Great in the Great Northern War.[10] In the course of Peter's second administrative reform, Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Province of St. Petersburg Governorate.[14] The 1721 Treaty of Nystad, which concluded the war with Sweden, finalized the transfer of the town and a part of Old Finland to Russia.[10] The loss of Vyborg led Sweden to develop Fredrikshamn as a substitute port town.[15] Another result of the loss of Vyborg was that its diocese was moved to Borgå, transforming the town into an important learning centre.[15] In 1744, Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Governorate.[14] In 1783, the governorate was transformed into the Vyborg Viceroyalty,[14] then in 1801 back into Vyborg Governorate.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} In 1802, the Vyborg Governorate was renamed the Finland Governorate.[14] One of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Vyborg Bay, was fought off the shore of the Vyborg Bay on July 4, 1790. After the rest of Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, Emperor Alexander I incorporated the town and the governorate into the newly created Grand Duchy of Finland in 1811.[16] In the course of the 19th century, the town developed as the center of administration and trade for the eastern part of Finland. The inauguration of the Saimaa Canal in 1856 benefited the local economy as it opened the vast waterways of Eastern Finland to the sea. Vyborg was never a major industrial center and lacked large production facilities, but due to its location it served as a focal point of transports of all industries on the Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia, and southeastern Finland. Bolshevik revolutionary Vladimir Lenin lived in the town for a period between the February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the fall of the Russian Empire, Finland declared itself independent. During the Finnish Civil War, Vyborg was in the hands of the Finnish Red Guards until it was captured by the White Guard on the Battle of Vyborg, April 29, 1918. In April–May 1918, 360–420 civilians were murdered by White Guards during the Vyborg massacre. In the inter-war decades, the town was the second biggest town in Finland and the seat of the Viipuri Province. In 1939, Vyborg had roughly 80,000 inhabitants, including sizable minorities of Swedes, Germans, Russians, Gypsies, Tatars, and Jews. During this time, Alvar Aalto built the Vyborg Library—an icon of functionalist architecture. Winter and Continuation warsDuring the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939–1940, over seventy thousand people were evacuated from Vyborg to Finland. The Winter War was concluded by the Moscow Peace Treaty, which stipulated the transfer of Vyborg and the whole Karelian Isthmus—emptied of their residents—to Soviet control, where it was incorporated into the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic on March 31, 1940. As the town was still held by the Finns, the remaining Finnish population, some ten thousand people, had to be evacuated in haste before the handover. Thus, practically the whole population of Finnish Vyborg was resettled elsewhere in Finland. The town became the administrative center of Vyborgsky District. The evacuees from Finnish Karelia came to be a vociferous political force and their wish to return to their homes was an important motive when Finland sought support from Nazi Germany against the Soviet threat. As a result, Finland and Nazi Germany fought on the same side in the Continuation War. On August 29, 1941, Vyborg was captured by Finnish troops. At first, the Finnish Army did not allow civilians into the town. Of the 6,287 buildings, 3,807 had been destroyed. The first civilians started to arrive at the end of September and by the end of the year Vyborg had a population of about 9,700. In December 1941, the Government of Finland formally annexed the town along with the other areas lost in the Moscow Peace Treaty. However, this annexation was not recognized by any foreign state, not even Finlands co-belligerent, Germany. By 1942, it had risen to 16,000. About 70% of the evacuees from Finnish Karelia returned after the re-conquest to rebuild their looted homes, but were again evacuated after the Red Army's Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, timed to coincide with the Battle of Normandy. By the time of the Soviet offensive, the town had a population of nearly 28,000. The town was evacuated by June 19 and the defense of Vyborg was entrusted to the 20th Brigade. The town fell to the Red Army on June 20, 1944, but the Finns managed to halt the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Tali-Ihantala—the largest battle fought by any of the Nordic countries—in Viipuri rural municipality which surrounded the town. The town was seriously damaged. In the subsequent Moscow Armistice of September 19, 1944, Finland returned to the borders set by the Moscow Peace Treaty and ceded more land than the treaty originally demanded. In the 1947 Paris Peace treaties, Finland relinquished all claims to Vyborg. After the Winter War, Leningrad Oblast wanted to incorporate the area of Vyborg, but it took until November 1944 for it to be finally transferred from the Karelo-Finnish SSR.[16] During the Soviet era, the town was settled by people from all over the Soviet Union. The naval air bases of Pribilovo and Veshchevo were built nearby. Administrative and municipal statusWithin the framework of administrative divisions, Vyborg serves as the administrative center of Vyborgsky District.[17] As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Vyborgsky District as Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation.[17] As a municipal division, Vyborgoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Vyborgy Municipal District as Vyborgoye Urban Settlement.[18] ClimateSimilar to many other areas along the Baltic Sea, Vyborg has a humid continental climate[19] with large temperature differences between summer and winter but too mild to be classified subarctic with five months above {{convert|10|C|F}} in mean temperature. Winter temperatures are being somewhat moderated by maritime effects compared to Russian cities further inland even on more southerly latitudes, but still cold enough to be comparable to areas much further north that are nearer the Gulf Stream. {{Weather box|width= auto |location=Vyborg |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=6.5 |Feb record high C=10.0 |Mar record high C=13.8 |Apr record high C=22.1 |May record high C=29.0 |Jun record high C = 32.9 |Jul record high C = 34.6 |Aug record high C = 33.4 |Sep record high C = 29.0 |Oct record high C = 19.0 |Nov record high C = 11.1 |Dec record high C = 8.4 |year record high C = 34.6 | Jan high C = -4.0 | Feb high C = -4.1 | Mar high C = 0.5 | Apr high C = 7.2 | May high C = 14.7 | Jun high C = 19.2 | Jul high C = 22.3 | Aug high C = 20.2 | Sep high C = 14.3 | Oct high C = 7.9 | Nov high C = 1.7 | Dec high C = -2.1 |year high C = 8.2 | Jan mean C = -6.7 | Feb mean C = -7.3 | Mar mean C = -3.0 | Apr mean C = 3.0 | May mean C = 10.2 | Jun mean C = 15.0 | Jul mean C = 18.2 | Aug mean C = 16.3 | Sep mean C = 10.9 | Oct mean C = 5.5 | Nov mean C = -0.4 | Dec mean C = -4.5 |year mean C = 4.8 | Jan low C = -9.5 | Feb low C = -10.5 | Mar low C = -6.4 | Apr low C = -0.5 | May low C = 5.9 | Jun low C = 11.1 | Jul low C = 14.3 | Aug low C = 12.7 | Sep low C = 7.9 | Oct low C = 3.2 | Nov low C = -2.3 | Dec low C = -7.1 |year low C = 1.6 | Jan record low C = -36.8 | Feb record low C = -34.0 | Mar record low C = -29.0 | Apr record low C = -20.0 | May record low C = -5.0 | Jun record low C = 0.0 | Jul record low C = 5.8 | Aug record low C = 0.0 | Sep record low C = -4.0 | Oct record low C = -11.4 | Nov record low C = -19.8 | Dec record low C = -34.0 | year record low C = -36.8 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 48 | Feb precipitation mm = 36 | Mar precipitation mm = 40 | Apr precipitation mm = 31 | May precipitation mm = 40 | Jun precipitation mm = 63 | Jul precipitation mm = 65 | Aug precipitation mm = 82 | Sep precipitation mm = 68 | Oct precipitation mm = 76 | Nov precipitation mm = 67 | Dec precipitation mm = 61 |year precipitation mm = 677 | Jan rain days = 6 | Feb rain days = 5 | Mar rain days = 7 | Apr rain days = 10 | May rain days = 14 | Jun rain days = 15 | Jul rain days = 15 | Aug rain days = 15 | Sep rain days = 17 | Oct rain days = 17 | Nov rain days = 13 | Dec rain days = 9 |year rain days = 143 |Jan snow days = 17 |Feb snow days = 15 |Mar snow days = 12 |Apr snow days = 5 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 2 |Nov snow days = 9 |Dec snow days = 16 |Jan humidity = 87 |Feb humidity = 85 |Mar humidity = 82 |Apr humidity = 74 |May humidity = 68 |Jun humidity = 71 |Jul humidity = 73 |Aug humidity = 77 |Sep humidity = 82 |Oct humidity = 86 |Nov humidity = 88 |Dec humidity = 89 |year humidity = |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[20] |date=August 2012}} Economy and cultureVyborg continues to be an important industrial producer of paper. Tourism is increasingly important, and the Russian film festival Window to Europe takes place in the town each year.
An HVDC back-to-back facility for the exchange of electricity between the Russian and Finnish power grids was completed near Vyborg in 1982. It consists of three bipolar HVDC back-to-back schemes with an operating voltage of 85 kV and a maximum transmission rate of 355 MW, so that the entire maximum transmission rate amounts to 1,420 MW.{{citation needed|date=September 2010}} The Nord Stream offshore pipeline runs from Vyborg compressor station at Portovaya Bay along the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Greifswald in Germany. It started operating in September 2011, enabling Russia to export gas directly to Western Europe, bypassing states between Russia and Germany that could profit from transit fees and interfere in operations. The feeding pipeline in Russia (Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline) is operated by Gazprom and is a part of the integrated gas transport network of Russia connecting existing grid in Gryazovets with the coastal compressor station at Vyborg.[21] SightsVyborg's most prominent landmark is its Swedish-built castle, started in the 13th century and extensively reconstructed in 1891–1894. The Round Tower and the Rathaus Tower date from the mid-16th century and are parts of the Medieval Vyborg town wall. The Viipuri Library by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto and the Hermitage-Vyborg Center are a reference point in the history of modern architecture. There are also Russian fortifications of Annenkrone, completed by 1740, as well as the monuments to Peter the Great (1910) and Torkel Knutsson. Tourists can also visit the house where the founder of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin prepared the Bolshevik revolution during his stay in Viipuri from September 24 to October 7, 1917. Sprawling along the heights adjacent to the Gulf of Finland is Monrepos Park, one of the most spacious English landscape gardens in Eastern Europe. The garden was laid out on behest of its owner, Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay, at the turn of the 19th century. Most of its structures were designed by the architect Giuseppe Antonio Martinelli. Previously, the estate belonged to the future king Frederick I (Maria Fyodorovna's brother), who called it Charlottendahl in honor of his second wife. Notable people{{See also|Viipuri_Province#Notable people}}for people born in Viipuri Province between 1812 and 1917, when it was part of the Grand Duchy of FinlandThose listed below were born after 1917.
Since World War II
Twin towns and sister cities{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Vyborg is twinned with:
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 Charter of Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement, Article 1 2. ^Official website of Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement. Head of the Municipal Formation, Gennady Vasilyevich Orlov {{ru icon}} 3. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://ruspostindex.ru/rf47/telefonnye-kody-leningradskaya-oblast.html|script-title=ru:Ленинградская область|publisher=ruspostindex.ru|language=Russian|accessdate=March 20, 2014}} 5. ^ 6. ^Wuorinen, John H. (1948), ed., Finland and World War II, 1939-1944, New York: Roland Press, p. 172. 7. ^[https://www.nord-stream.com/pipeline/ The Pipeline, Nord Stream AG official website, Undated]. Accessed: 14 June 2014. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.katajala.net/keskiaika/suomi/kaupungit.html|title=Suomen kaupungit keskiajalla|author=Jussi Katajala|year=2010|language=FI|access-date=12 February 2016}} 9. ^{{Cite book|title=Ancient Karelia|last=Uino|first=Pirjo|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104|year=1997|isbn=|location=Helsinki|pages=115|quote=|via=}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=95}} 11. ^{{Cite book|title=Ancient Karelia|last=Uino|first=Pirjo|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104|year=1997|isbn=|location=Helsinki|pages=343–346|quote=|via=}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title=Ancient Karelia|last=Uino|first=Pirjo|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104|year=1997|isbn=|location=Helsinki|pages=118|quote=|via=}} 13. ^{{Cite book|title=Ancient Hillforts of Finland|last=Taavitsainen|first=Jussi-Pekka|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 94|year=1990|isbn=|location=|pages=240|quote=|via=}} 14. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://geo.1september.ru/view_article.php?id=200101502|title=Изменение административно-территориального деления России за последние 300 лет|author=С. А. Тархов|year=2001|work=Электронная версия журнала "География"}} 15. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-103684-FinlandsHistoria1700Talet |title=Finlands historia: 1700-talet |last=Lindberg |first=Johan |date=May 26, 2016 |website=Uppslagsverket Finland |publisher= |access-date=November 30, 2017 |quote= |language=Swedish}} 16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://vbglenobl.ru/raion/istoriya-raiona|script-title=ru:История Выборгского района, история Выборгской земли|publisher=Муниципальное образование Выборгский район Ленинградской Области|language=Russian|accessdate=March 20, 2014}} 17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Oblast Law #32-oz 18. ^1 2 3 4 Law #17-oz 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=29822&cityname=Vyborg%2C+Northwestern+Federal+District%2C+Russia&units=|title=Vyborg, Russia Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=23 January 2015}} 20. ^{{Pogda klimat|id=22892 |accessdate=August 4, 2012|date=May 2011}} 21. ^{{cite web | publisher= Nord Stream AG | title = Answers to questions asked by representatives of non-governmental organizations on the EIA procedure for the Nord Stream Project | url=http://www.ccb.se/documents/FAQNS.pdf | format=PDF | date = 20 October 2007 | accessdate=15 February 2008}} Sources
External links{{Wikivoyage|Vyborg}}
6 : Vyborg|Grand Duchy of Finland|Forts in Russia|Castles in Russia|Karelian Isthmus|Cities of Military Glory |
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