词条 | National Crime Information Center |
释义 |
The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is the United States' central database for tracking crime-related information. The NCIC has been an information sharing tool since 1967.[1] It is maintained by the Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and is interlinked with federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and offices.[2][3] HistoryThe NCIC database was created in 1967 under FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. The purpose of the system was to create a centralized information system to facilitate information flow between the numerous law enforcement branches. The original infrastructure cost is estimated to have been over $180 million.[4] In the mid-1990s, the program went through an upgrade from the legacy system to the current NCIC 2000 system. A 1993 GAO estimate concluded that in addition to the costs of the upgrades, the FBI would need to spend an additional $2 billion to update its computer system to allow all users workstation access.[5] RecordsThe NCIC makes available a variety of records to be used for law enforcement and security purposes. The NCIC database includes 21 files: 14 person files and 7 property files.[6] Person files:[6]
ValidityThere have also been issues and concerns regarding arrests and seizures pursuant to mistaken beliefs in the existence of warrants and warrantless probable cause based on inaccurate NCIC information.[7] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/ncic-turns-50?|title=NCIC Turns 50|publisher=FBI}} {{FBI}}2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ncic/ncic_history |title=NCIC: History and Milestones |author= |year=2014 |website=fbi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |accessdate=2014-06-29 }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/the-fbis-national-crime-information-center |title=Testimony Before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Washington DC |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Michael D. |date=2003-11-13 |website=fbi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |accessdate=2014-06-29 }} 4. ^{{cite web |author=Mar 31, 1997 |url=http://www.gcn.com/print/16_10/32700-1.html |title=Under fire FBI vows to meet database deadline |publisher=Gcn.com |date=1997-03-31 |accessdate=2012-01-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525102947/http://www.gcn.com/print/16_10/32700-1.html |archivedate=2008-05-25 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/Privacy/ID_SSN_fingerprinting/1993_gao_ncic_abuses.report |title=Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Information, Justice, Agriculture and Transportation, Committee on Government Operations, and the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives |author= |year=1993 |website=eff.org |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011101091345/http://www.eff.org/Privacy/ID_SSN_fingerprinting/1993_gao_ncic_abuses.report |archivedate=2001-11-01 |accessdate= }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ncic |title=National Crime Information Center (NCIC) |website=fbi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |accessdate=December 27, 2017}} 7. ^{{cite journal|title=Probable Cause Based on Inaccurate Computer Information: Taking Judicial Notice of NCIC Operating Policies and Procedures|first=Patrick|last=Hand|journal=Fordham Urban Law Journal|date=1982|volume=10|issue=3|pages=497–510|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol10/iss3/5/}} 6 : Government agencies established in 1967|Federal Bureau of Investigation|Law enforcement databases in the United States|Missing people organizations|Criminal records|Forensic databases |
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