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词条 National Iranian Oil Company
释义

  1. History

     Background: 1901 - 1951  NIOC: 1951–1979 

  2. NIOC's Oil Reserves

     Strategic petroleum reserves 

  3. Gas reserves

  4. Recent discoveries

  5. Organizational structure

      Members of the board  

  6. Subsidiary companies

  7. Production costs and investments

  8. NIOC's major domestic contractors

  9. Participations in foreign gas fields

  10. Environmental record

  11. See also

  12. References

  13. Further reading

  14. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}{{Infobox company
|name = National Iranian Oil Company
{{lang|fa|شرکت ملّی نفت ایران}}
|logo = National Iranian Oil Company logo new.png
|image =
|type = State-owned enterprise
|traded_as =
|area_served = Worldwide
|key_people = Bijan Namdar Zangeneh
(Chairman)
Masoud Karbasian
(CEO)
| industry = Oil and gas
| products = {{hlist |Petroleum |Natural gas}} {{hlist|Motor fuels |Aviation fuels}} Petrochemicals
| services =
|revenue = Oil and gas{{Nowrap|{{Increase}} US$110 billion (2012)[1]}}
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|assets = {{Increase}} US$200 billion (2012)[2]
|equity =
|owner = Iranian government (100%)
|founder = Anglo-Persian Oil Company
|num_employees = 41,000 (2011){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
|subsid = NISOC
IOOC
ICOFC
NIDC
NICO
NITCO
|foundation = {{start date and age|1948}}
| predecessors =
|location = Tehran, Iran
|homepage = {{URL|http://en.nioc.ir}}
}}

The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; {{lang-fa|شرکت ملّی نفت ایران}} Sherkat-e Melli-ye Naft-e Īrān), a government-owned corporation under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is a national oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran. It was established in 1948 and reinforced under The Consortium Agreement of 1954.[3] NIOC ranks as the world's second largest oil company, after Saudi Arabia's state-owned Aramco.[4]

The NIOC is exclusively responsible for the exploration, drilling, production, distribution and export of crude oil, as well as exploration, extraction and sales of natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG). the NIOC exports its surplus production according to commercial considerations in the framework of the quotas determined by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and at the prices prevalent in the international markets. in early 2015 NIOC's Recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves {{convert|156.53|Goilbbl|km3}} (10% of world's total) and Recoverable gas reserves 33.79{{e|12}} m3 (15% of world's total). Current NIOC production capacities include over {{convert|4|Moilbbl}} of crude oil and in excess of 750 million cubic meters of natural gas per day.[3] Iran's overall export crude oil was valued at US$85 billion in 2010.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

History

{{Further|Petroleum industry in Iran}}

Background: 1901 - 1951

{{Main|William Knox D'Arcy|Anglo-Persian Oil Company}}

In May 1901, William Knox D'Arcy was granted a concession by the Shah of Iran to search for oil, which he discovered in May 1908.[5] This was the first commercially significant find in the Middle East. In 1923, Burmah employed future Prime Minister, Winston Churchill as a paid consultant; to lobby the British government to allow the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to have exclusive rights to Persian oil resources, which were successfully granted.[6]

In 1935, Rezā Shāh requested the international community to refer to Persia as 'Iran', which was reflected in the name change of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC).[5] Following World War II, Iranian nationalism was on the rise, especially surrounding the Iranian natural resources being exploited by the foreign companies without adequately compensating Iranian taxpayers. AIOC and the pro western Iranian government led by Prime Minister Ali Razmara, initially resisted nationalist pressure to revise AIOC's concession terms still further in Iran's favour. In March 1951, Ali Razmara was assassinated; and Mohammed Mossadeq, a nationalist, was elected as the new prime minister by the Majlis of Iran.[9][7]

NIOC: 1951–1979

{{See also|1953 Iranian coup d'état}}

In April 1951, the Majlis nationalized the Iranian oil industry by a unanimous vote, and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) was formed, displacing the AIOC.[8] The AIOC withdrew its management from Iran and organised an effective worldwide embargo of Iranian oil. The British government, which owned the AIOC, contested the nationalization at the International Court of Justice at The Hague, but its complaint was dismissed.

By the spring of 1953, incoming US President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorised the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), to organise a coup against the Mossadeq government, the 1953 Iranian coup d'état.[13] In August 1953, the coup brought pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi to power as the new PM, along with the return to Iran of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from his brief exile in Italy.[9] The anti-Mossadeq plan was orchestrated by the CIA under the code-name 'Operation Ajax', and by the British SIS (MI6) as 'Operation Boot'.[10][16][11]

In 1954, the AIOC became the British Petroleum Company. The return of the shah had not meant that British Petroleum was able to monopolise Iranian oil as before. Under pressure from United States, British Petroleum reluctantly accepted membership in a consortium of companies, founded in October 1954, to bring back Iranian oil to the international market. It was incorporated in London as a holding company called 'Iranian Oil Participants Ltd' (IOP).[18][19] The founding members of IOP included British Petroleum (40%), Gulf (later Chevron, 8%), Royal Dutch Shell (14%), and Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later Total S.A., 6%). The four Aramco partners - Standard Oil of California (SoCal, later Chevron) - Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Exxon, then ExxonMobil) - Standard Oil Co. of New York (later Mobil, then ExxonMobil) - Texaco (later Chevron) - each held an 8% stake in the holding company.[9][18]

All IOP members acknowledged that NIOC owned the oil and facilities in Iran, and IOP's role was to operate and manage them on behalf of NIOC. To facilitate that, IOP established two operating entities incorporated in the Netherlands, and both were delegated to NIOC.[18][19] Similar to the Saudi-Aramco "50/50" agreement of 1950,[24] the IOP consortium agreed to share profits on a 50–50 basis with Iran, "but not to open its books to Iranian auditors or to allow Iranians onto its board of directors".[25] The negotiations leading to the creation of the consortium, during 1954-55, were considered a feat of skillful diplomacy.[9]

In Iran, IOP continued to operate until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The new regime of Ayatollah Khomeini confiscated all of the company’s assets in Iran. According to the company's Web site: The victory of the Islamic revolution annulled the Consortium Agreement of 1954 and all regulations pertaining to it. The taking of power in Iran by the new Islamic Republic led to the withdrawal of foreign employees from Iran's oil industry, and Iranians took full control of its affairs.[12]

NIOC's Oil Reserves

{{Main|NIOC's Oil Reserves}}

According to OPEC, NIOC recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves at the end of 2006 was {{convert|138,4|Goilbbl|m3}}.[13]

NIOC oil reserves at the beginning of 2001 was reported to be about {{convert|99|Goilbbl|m3}},[13] however in 2002 the result of NIOC’s study showed huge reserves upgrade adding about {{convert|31,7|Goilbbl|m3}} of recoverable reserves to the Iranian oil reserves.

After 2003 Iran made some significant discoveries which led to addition of another {{convert|7.7|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil to the recoverable reserves of Iran.[14]

The vast majority of Iran's crude oil reserves are located in giant onshore fields in the south-western Khuzestan region near the Iraqi border. Overall, Iran has 40 producing fields – 27 onshore and 13 offshore. Iran's crude oil is generally medium in sulfur and in the 28°-35 °API range.

As at 2012, 98 rigs are in operation in onshore fields, 24 in offshore fields and a single rig is in operation in the Caspian Sea. Iran plans to increase the number of its drilling rigs operating in its onshore and offshore oilfields by 36 units to reach 134 units by March 2014.[15]

Table 1- The five biggest NIOC oil fields;[16]

Rank Field Name Formation Oil in Place
(Billion Barrels)		 Recoverable Reserves
(Billion Barrels)		 Production
Thousand barrels per day
1 Ahvaz Field Asmari & Bangestan 65.5 25.5 945
2 Gachsaran Field Asmari & Bangestan 52.9 16.2 480
3 Marun Field Asmari 46.7 21.9 520
4 Azadegan oil field Bangestan & Khami 33.2 5.4 70
5 Aghajari Field Asmari & Bangestan 30.2 17.4 300
6 Rag Sefid oil field Asmari & Bangestan 16.5 4.49 180
7 Abteymour oil field Bangestan 15.2 2.6 60
8 Soroush Oil Field Asmari & Bangestan 14.2 9.1 46
9 Karanj Oil Field Asmari & Bangestan 11.2 5.7 230
10 Bibi Hakimeh oil field Asmari & Bangestan 7.59 5.6 120
Largest Iranian Oil Fields by Production
Field's NameThousand
barrels per day		Thousand
cubic meters per day
(onshore)
Ahvaz Field750|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Marun Field520|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Gachsaran Field480|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Aghajari Field300|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Karanj Oil Field200|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Rag Safid Oil Field180|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Bibi Hakimeh Oil Field130|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Darquin Oil Field100|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Pazanan Oil Field70|oilbbl|disp=table}}
(offshore)
Dorood Oil Field130|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Salman Field130|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Abuzar Oil Field125|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Sirri Oil Field95|oilbbl|disp=table}}
Soroush Field60|oilbbl|disp=table}}

Strategic petroleum reserves

Iran began in 2006 with plans to create a global strategic petroleum reserve with the construction of 15 crude oil storage tanks with a planned capacity of {{convert|10|Moilbbl|m3}}.[17] The storage capacity of oil products in the country is around 11.5 billion liters (2011), but it will reach 16.7 billion liters by the end of the Fifth Five Year Development Plan (2010-2015).[18] As of 2012, Iran is capable of storing crude oil in the Persian Gulf for a period of 10–12 days. The figure should hit 30–40 days after the construction of new storage facilities are completed.[19]

Gas reserves

{{Main|Iran Natural Gas Reserves|Gas Exporting Countries Forum}}

NIOC holds about {{convert|1000|Tcuft|km3|abbr=on}} of proven Natural gas reserves of which 36% are as associated gas and 64% is in non associated gas fields. It stands for world's second largest reserves after Russia.[20]

NIOC’s ten biggest Non-Associated Gas Fields;

NIOC’s ten biggest Non-Associated Gas Fields.[21]
Field's NameGas In Place TcfRecoverable Reserve Tcf
South Pars500322
North Pars[22]6047
Kish Gas Field[23]6045
Golshan Gas Field[24]5525 - 45
Tabnak Gas FieldNA21,2
Kangan Gas FieldNA20,1
Khangiran Gas FieldNA16,8
Nar Gas FieldNA13
Aghar Gas FieldNA11,6
Farsi FieldNA11 - 22

Recent discoveries

{{Main|NIOC Recent Discoveries}}

Since 1995, National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) has made significant oil and gas discoveries, standing for some {{convert|84|Goilbbl|m3|adj=on}} of oil in place and at least {{convert|175|Tcuft|km3|abbr=on}} of gas in place, which are listed below.[25]

NIOC Oil Discoveries Since 1995.[26]
Field's nameOil in PlaceRecoverable oilDiscovery year
Billion BarrelBillion Barrel
Azadegan Oil Field33.25.2
Yadavaran Oil Field173
Ramin Oil Field[27]7.3981.112007
South Pars Oil Layer6NA
Band-E-Karkeh Oil Field[28][29]4.5NA2007
MansourAbad Oil Field4.45NA2007
Changoleh Oil Field[30]2.7NA
Azar Oil Field[30][31]2.07NA2007
Paranj Oil Field1.6NA2007
Balaroud Oil Field[32]1.10.2332007
Binalood Oil Field[33]0.7760.0992008
Mansouri Oil Field[31]0.760NA
Jofeyr Oil Field[34][35]0.750NA2008
Asaluyeh Oil Field[36]0.525NA2008
Arvand Oil Field[37]0.500NA2008
Tusan Oil Field0.470NA2006
Arash Gas Field0.168NA
Total83.967NA
NIOC Natural Gas Discoveries Since 1995.[38]
Field's nameGas in placeRecoverable gas reserve
Trillion cubic feetBillion cubic metersTrillion cubic feetBillion cubic meters
Kish Gas Field[23]59|cuft|l|disp=table}}47|cuft|l|disp=table}}
Tabnak Gas Field30|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Farsi Gas Field[39]NA11-23310-650
Sefid Zakhur Gas Field11.4|cuft|l|disp=table}}8.5|cuft|l|disp=table}}
Yadavaran Field9.75|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Lavan Gas Field9.1|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Balal Gas Field8.8|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Homa Gas Field7.6|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Marun Field6.2|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Gardan Gas Field5.7|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Day Gas Field4.4|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Binak Field3.5|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Karanj Gas Field2.9|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Bibi Hakime Oil Field2.4|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Zireh Gas Field1|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Masjed Soleiman Field[40]1|cuft|l|disp=table}}0.739|cuft|l|disp=table}}
Arash Gas Field0.79|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
KheyrAbad Gas Field0.17|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA
Total170|cuft|l|disp=table}}NA

Organizational structure

{{See also|Petroleum industry in Iran}}{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}

The company is completely owned by Iranian government. NIOC's General Assembly (GA) consists of:

  • The President
  • Vice President{{which|date=April 2013}}
  • Director General of the Management and Planning Organization
  • Minister of Petroleum
  • Minister of Energy
  • Minister of Industries and Mines
  • Minister of Labor and Social Affairs
  • Minister of Economy and Finance

The GA is its highest decision making body, determining the company's general policy guide lines, and approving the annual budgets, operations and financial statements and balance sheets. The company's board of directors has the authority and major responsibilities to approve the operational schemes within the general framework ratified by the General Assembly, approve transactions and contracts, and prepare budgets and Board reports and annual balance sheets for presentation to the General Assembly.

The Board supervises the implementation of general policy guidelines defined by the General Assembly, and pursues executive operations via the company's Managing Director.

Members of the board

Name Position Board's Position
Bijan Zanganeh Minister of Petroleum Chairman
Masoud Karbasian CEO Vice Chairman
Bijan Allipour CEO of NISOC Member of the board
Karim Zobeidi Manager of Integrated Planning Member of the board
Mohsen Ghamsari Manager of International Affairs Member of the board
Mohammad Bilkar Director of Finance Member of the board
Asghar Hendi Exploration Manager Member of the board

Subsidiary companies

{{See also|Privatization in Iran#Oil, gas and petrochemicals|l1=Privatization of the petroleum industry in Iran}}

With appropriate division of tasks and delegation of responsibilities to subsidiaries- affiliates, NIOC has been able to establish acceptable degrees of coordination within its

organizational set up. In fact, NIOC's Directors act primarily in policy making and supervision while subsidiaries act as their executive arm in coordinating an array of operations such as exploration, drilling, production and delivery of crude oil and natural gas, for export and domestic consumption.

The NIOC's subsidiaries are as follows:

NIOC subsidiaries
Company NameActivities[41]
Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC)in charge of offshore oil fields in the Persian Gulf offshore oil and gas fields with the exception of South Pars. It focuses mainly on production platforms, ancillary facilities, and installations. Massive corruption in the lease of offshore platforms reported by the Iranian media in 2015.[42][43]
Iranian Central Oil Fields Company (ICOFC)supervises all upstream activities in the central oil and gas regions of the country, i.e. everything, excluding the oil-rich southern Khuzestan province, Caspian and offshore. As of 2015, it is the largest natural gas producer in Iran.[44]
National Iranian Gas Export Co. (NIGEC)in charge of gas exports for the National Iranian Gas Company. Until May 2010, NIGEC was under the control of the NIOC, but the Petroleum Ministry transferred NIGEC, incorporating it under NIGC in an attempt to broaden responsibility for new natural gas projects.[45] See also: Persian pipeline and Peace pipeline.
National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC)in charge of onshore oilfields in southern Iran. Focuses on onshore upstream activity in the province of Khuzestan. As Khuzestan is the main oil and gas-producing province, this entity is among the most significant in the NIOC family. It produces approximately 80 percent of all crude oil produced in Iran.[45]
Khazar Oil Exploration and Production Companyin charge of Iran's Caspian Sea sector (onshore and offshore)
Karoon Oil and Gas Production Company (KOGPC)Operating in Khouzestan, the company operates 538 wells and delivers natural gas to NIGC.[45]
Petroleum Engineering and Development Company (PEDEC)is the most important NIOC offshoot company. The responsibility for all buy-back projects under operation, study or negotiation has been given to PEDEC. This company enjoys full authority to manage the projects. Further information: Foreign Direct Investment in Iran
Pars Oil and Gas Company (POGC)National Iranian Gas Company does not play a role in awarding upstream gas projects; that task remains in the hands of the National Iranian Oil Company.[46] Pars Oil and Gas Co. is in charge of the offshore North and South Pars gas fields and responsible for awarding the contracts for the different phases. Since 2010, it has been raising capital on the domestic and international markets in order to finance its projects.
Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Co.handles and organizes all activities in the Pars Special Economic-Energy Zone, located near the South Pars gas field (a subsidiary of Pars Oil & Gas Co.)
Iranian Oil Terminals Companyhas four transport hubs including facilities on the three islands of Kharg, Lavan and Sirri consisting of 17 jetties capable of berthing tankers of all sizes to lift and export its crude oil that load more than 2,000 oil tankers per year.[47] 2,000 of them dock in Bandar Abbas Port, 1,000 in Khark Island. Iran earned nearly $2 billion in 2009 from bunkering ships in the Persian Gulf (25% market share).[48] Projected bunkering sites by 2015: Bandar Abbas (two sites), Kish, Qeshm, Bushehr, Mahshahr, Assalouyeh, Khark and Chabahar.[49] Fujairah bunkering hub, UAE is Iran's main competitor in the Persian Gulf. The country's terminal storage capacity should soar to 100 million barrels by 2015 from the current 24 million barrels.[50]
National Iranian Drilling Company (NIDC)in charge of all offshore and onshore drilling activities. NIDC provides more than 90 percent of drilling services needed by the oil companies inside the country. In 2011, NIDC, drilled or completed 192 oil and gas wells, drilled 454 thousand meters of wells and provided more than 8 thousand expert or technical services to customers.[51] As at 2012, 123 drilling rigs are in operation in Iran’s offshore and onshore.[15]
Ahwaz Pipe Mills Companymanufacturing oil and gas pipes and has a capacity of up to 420,000 tons per year. It operates three plants.
Iranian Fuel Conservation Organizationregimenting the fuel consumption in different sectors through review and survey of the current trend of consumption and executing conservation measures nationwide. See also: 2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan in Iran
National Iranian Tanker Companycontrols the second largest fleet of tankers in OPEC. Despite having domestic manufacturing capacity, NITC purchases many VLCC abroad (e.g. China) for unknown reasons.
Exploration Service Company (ESC)responsible for providing operational services in all facets of exploration and production activities within NIOC onshore regions.
Kala Naft (London) Ltd.in charge of carrying out the procurement needs of the NIOC that cannot be met domestically. However, NIOC organizations can in theory also purchase directly from suppliers.
Kala Naft (Canada) Ltd.in charge of carrying out the procurement needs of the NIOC that cannot be met domestically
Naftiran Intertrade Co. (NICO) (Switzerland)handles trading & swaps operations on behalf of NIOC. Iran has swap arrangements with Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, under which it ships crude from the Central Asian producers to its Caspian ports in Neka. In exchange Iran delivers the equivalent barrels of crude on behalf of the three Central Asian producers to their customers in the Persian Gulf.[52] In October 2010, Iran asked for the terms of the contract to be re-negotiated because it claims it has lost money because of it.[53] On 2 July 2011, NIOC resumed oil swaps with Caspian states.[54] NaftIran also buys the vast majority of Iran's gasoline imports.[55] Naftiran is a key player in Iran's energy sector.
PetroparsGeneral contractor for the oil & gas industry (a subsidiary of Naftiran Intertrade Co.)
Petroiran Development Company (aka PetroIran or PEDCO)General offshore contractor (a subsidiary of Naftiran Intertrade Co.). PetroIran was initially formed to be the Iranian partner of foreign contractors with a 10% share in each buy-back contract.
Iranian Oil Company (UK)in charge of Rhum gasfield (a subsidiary of Naftiran Intertrade Co.)
Iranian Offshore Engineering and Construction Company (IOEC)First Iranian general contractor to the oil and gas industries. Joint venture with IDRO
Arvandan Oil & Gas Company (AOGC)responsible for the development of the Arvandan oil & gas fields. AOGC was established in 2004 working as the main operator in oil and gas production from Azadegan, Yadavaran, Darquain, Jufeyr, Moshtagh, Khorramshahr, Arvand, Susangerd, Band-e-Karkheh, Omid and other fields which are located in west of Karun River.[56]
Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) NIOC will implement 69 research projects between 2010 and 2015 which include topics as enhancing recovery rate, modeling, control and management of reservoirs, production and exploitation, exploration, promotion and technology in drilling operations, establishment of an integrated data bank, industrial protection and environment, optimizing energy consumption, materials and equipments manufacturing, strategic and infrastructure studies, productivity and specialized maintenance.[51] Iran is expected to launch its first gas to liquids (GTL) plant by 2018.[57] See also: Science and technology in Iran.

Production costs and investments

{{See also|Economy of Iran|Petroleum industry in Iran}}

The cost of producing each barrel will rise to $30 or more from $7 in 2012.[58]

Iran currently allocates $20 billion a year to develop fields and $10 billion on maintaining output. In the next decade, maintaining production will cost $50 billion, with a similar sum required for development.[58] This does not include development and investment costs in related fields such as Petrochemicals.

NIOC's major domestic contractors

{{See also|National Iranian Petrochemical Company|List of Iranian companies|Industry of Iran}}

Although usually neglected and overlooked, Iran also has a number of very active private companies in the oil sector. The growing private sector activity is mainly active in projects involving the construction of oil field units, refinery equipment, tanks and pipelines,[59] as well as engineering. Iranian manufacturers will supply oil industry with $10 billion worth of domestically-made goods and equipment in 2012.[60]

Iranian companies are already outperforming foreign firms in South Pars.[61] NIOC produces 60-70% of its industrial equipment domestically including refineries, oil tankers, oil rigs, offshore platforms and exploration instruments.[62][63][64][65] Iran is also cooperating with foreign companies to transfer technology to Iranian oil industry.[66] The objective is to become self-sufficient by 85% before 2015.[67] The strategic goods include onshore and offshore drilling rigs, pumps, turbines and precision tools. Domestic production of 52 petrochemical catalysts will be started in 2013.[68] As of 2015, Iran had reached most of its above mentioned objectives in manufacturing.[69]

Participations in foreign gas fields

{{See also|Foreign direct investment in Iran#Outward FDI}}
  • Iran owns 50% of the offshore gas field of Rhum in the North Sea, which is Britain's largest untapped gas field. It is a joint-venture with BP worth $1 million a day at 15 June 2010 spot prices.[55]
  • Iran has another 10% joint-venture participation with BP and other foreign oil companies in Azerbaijani Shah Deniz gas field, producing 8 billion cubic meters of gas per year, worth up to a reported $2.4 billion per year. The Iranian entity with which BP has partnered in these ventures is the Swiss-based Naftiran Intertrade, a subsidiary of NIOC.[55] Shah Deniz is not subject to US sanctions.[70]

Environmental record

{{see also|Environmental issues in Iran}}

According to geographer Richard Heede,[71] is 3rd on the list of companies with the highest level of CO2 emissions globally with {{convert|739|e6t}} in 2013, amounting to more than 3.1% of worldwide anthropogenic emissions.[72]

See also

{{Portal|Iran|Companies}}
  • The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement
  • International rankings of Iran
  • Petroleum industry in Iran
  • Ministry of Petroleum of Iran
    • National Iranian Gas Company
    • National Iranian Petrochemical Company
    • National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company
  • Economy of Iran
  • Iranian oil bourse
  • Foreign Direct Investment in Iran
  • Privatization in Iran
  • Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company - used to be 50% in control of NIOC and the focus of a dispute between Israel and Iran.
  • William Knox D'Arcy

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.irandailybrief.com/2013/02/06/nioc-chief-annual-oil-revenues-110-billion-in-last-iranian-calendar-year-ended-20-march-2012/ |title=NIOC Chief: Annual oil revenues $110 billion in last Iranian calendar year, ended 20 March 2012|date=6 February 2013 |work=Iran Daily Brief}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/95407-irans-nioc-assets-surpass-200-billion |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-05-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419215115/http://www.tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/95407-irans-nioc-assets-surpass-200-billion |archivedate=19 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
3. ^1 Iran's foreign trade report {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310232210/http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf |date=10 March 2013 }} Iran Trade
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.energyintel.com/documentdetail.asp?document_id=218175|title=PIW Ranks The World's Top Oil Companies|work=Energyintel|accessdate=7 February 2012}}
5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/darcy-william-knox-5882|title=Darcy William Knox|publisher=Australian Dictionary of Biography|accessdate=5 June 2010}}
6. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/kevin-myers/the-greatest-20th-century-beneficiary-of-popular-mythology-has-been-the-cad-churchill-1876680.html|work=Irish Independent|first=Kevin|last=Myers|title=The greatest 20th century beneficiary of popular mythology has been the cad Churchill|date=3 September 2009}}
7. ^Yousof Mazandi, United Press, and Edwin Muller, Government by Assassination (Reader's Digest September 1951).
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-chapter1.html |title=Britain Fights Oil Nationalism|newspaper= The New York Times|accessdate=5 Jun 2010}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/082053iran-army.html|title=New York Times article, 1953|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 August 1953|accessdate=5 Jun 2010}}
10. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-intro.html|title=How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79) |work=The New York Times|accessdate=5 June 2010}}
11. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-chapter1.html The C.I.A. in Iran: Britain Fights Oil Nationalism] The New York Times
12. ^NIOC Website Brief History of Iran Oil Company
13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/ASB2006.htm|title=OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2006|work=OPEC|accessdate=7 February 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419083639/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/ASB2006.htm|archivedate=19 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^NIOC Recent Discoveries
15. ^1 Iran heading toward self-sufficiency in building onshore drilling rigs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904024221/http://tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/98946-iran-heading-toward-self-sufficiency-in-building-onshore-drilling-rigs |date=4 September 2014 }} Tehran Times
16. ^The 8th IIES International Conference "Energy Security and New Challenges", held in 29–30 November 2003, IRIB Conference Center, Tehran, Iran {{cite web |url=http://www.iies.org/Data/ConferenceBrouchor/Conference2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911064729/http://www.iies.org/Data/ConferenceBrouchor/Conference2.pdf |archivedate=11 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/pdf.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-10-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002211847/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/pdf.pdf |archivedate=2 October 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.com/detail/162338.html |title=No Operation |publisher=Presstv.com |accessdate=2012-02-07}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://presstv.com/detail/232470.html|title=PressTV|website=presstv.com|accessdate=13 January 2018}}
20. ^Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190-193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). {{cite web |url=http://www.nioc.ir/newnioc/(S(ycxlgcuiawhnap55g4ket3bf))/publication/naft/naft.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113105156/http://www.nioc.ir/newnioc/(S(ybwy1lvhxhblir55mu2gcfzx))/publication/naft/naft.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2009-11-04 |df=dmy-all }}
21. ^Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190-193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). {{cite web |url=http://www.nioc.ir/newnioc/(S(ycxlgcuiawhnap55g4ket3bf))/publication/naft/naft.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113105156/http://www.nioc.ir/newnioc/(S(ybwy1lvhxhblir55mu2gcfzx))/publication/naft/naft.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2009-11-04 |df=dmy-all }} and Iran Energy Balance Sheet (ترازنامه انرژی ایران ) (available in Persian) Published by; Iran’s Energy Ministry, Secretariat of Energy and Electricity,2000 {{cite web |url=http://www.iranenergy.org.ir/statistic%20info/energy%20balance/energy%20balance.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-01-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227114502/http://iranenergy.org.ir/statistic%20info/energy%20balance/energy%20balance.htm |archivedate=27 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pogc.ir/NorthParsGasField/tabid/155/Default.aspx |title=POGC Website |publisher=Pogc.ir |accessdate=2012-02-07}}
23. ^1 NIOC Website {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612114854/http://www.nioc.ir/news/In%20Accoompany%20with%20National%20Iranian%20Oil%20Company/files/2.htm |date=12 June 2008 }}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pogc.ir/GolshanGasField/tabid/156/Default.aspx |title=POGC Website |publisher=Pogc.ir |accessdate=2012-02-07}}
25. ^Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190-193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). {{cite web |url=http://www.nioc.ir/newnioc/(S(ycxlgcuiawhnap55g4ket3bf))/publication/naft/naft.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113105156/http://www.nioc.ir/newnioc/(S(ybwy1lvhxhblir55mu2gcfzx))/publication/naft/naft.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2009-11-04 |df=dmy-all }} and Iran Energy Balance Sheet (ترازنامه انرژی ایران ) (available in Persian), pp. 132-175, Iran’s Energy Ministry, Secretariat of Energy and Electricity, 2006 {{cite web |url=http://www.iranenergy.org.ir/statistic%20info/energy%20balance/energy%20balance.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-01-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227114502/http://iranenergy.org.ir/statistic%20info/energy%20balance/energy%20balance.htm |archivedate=27 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
26. ^Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190-193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). {{cite web |url=http://www.nioc.ir/newnioc/(S(ycxlgcuiawhnap55g4ket3bf))/publication/naft/naft.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113105156/http://www.nioc.ir/newnioc/(S(ybwy1lvhxhblir55mu2gcfzx))/publication/naft/naft.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2009-11-04 |df=dmy-all }} and Iran Energy Balance Sheet (ترازنامه انرژی ایران ) (available in Persian), Page 132, Published by; Iran’s Energy Ministry, Secretariat of Energy and Electricity,2006 {{cite web |url=http://www.iranenergy.org.ir/statistic%20info/energy%20balance/energy%20balance.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-01-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227114502/http://iranenergy.org.ir/statistic%20info/energy%20balance/energy%20balance.htm |archivedate=27 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
27. ^{{cite web |author=SHANA |url=http://www.shana.ir/50860-en.html |title=NIOC Official News Agency,(www.Shana.ir),April 23, 2005 |publisher=www.Shana.ir |date=2005-04-23 |accessdate=2012-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309074158/http://www.shana.ir/50860-en.html |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
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52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=131131§ionid=351020103 |title=No Operation |publisher=Presstv.com |accessdate=2012-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314134205/http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=131131§ionid=351020103 |archivedate=14 March 2012 |df= }}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1051.html |title=Clouds on Iran's Caspian Horizon |publisher=Payvand.com |accessdate=2012-02-07}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://presstv.com/detail/218138.html |title=Iran's Caspian oil swap to hit 500K bpd |publisher=PressTV |accessdate=2012-02-07}}
55. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Calabresi |first=Massimo |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1996921,00.html |title=Sleeping with the Enemy: BP's Deals with Iran |publisher=TIME |date=2010-06-16 |accessdate=2012-02-07}}
56. ^{{cite web |author=SHANA |url=http://www.shana.ir/162792-en.html |title=AOGC Plans Increasing Oil Production to 550 Thousand B/D |publisher=Shana.ir |date=2010-12-13 |accessdate=2012-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309075036/http://www.shana.ir/162792-en.html |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://iran-daily.com/newspaper/page/4851/4/15434/0|title=دسترسی غیر مجاز|website=iran-daily.com|accessdate=13 January 2018}}
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59. ^{{cite web|title=IPS-M-190-2: 4 Line Pipe Standard Similar to API 5L|url=http://www.hysteelpipe.com/pipe-standards/4-line-pipe-standard-api-5l/|publisher=HYSP Steel Pipe}}
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73. ^1 Kinzer, All the Shah's Men, (2003), pp. 195–6.
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75. ^1 2 Lauterpacht, E. International Law Reports. p. 375.
76. ^1 2 3 Marius Vassiliou, Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry : Volume 3. p. 269.
77. ^1 Strategies, Markets and Governance: Exploring Commercial and Regulatory Agendas. p. 235.
78. ^1 2 3 The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 665.
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}}

Further reading

{{Anchor|Books|Bibliography}}{{Refbegin}}
  • {{Cite book| last=Ferrier | first=R.W. | title=The History of the British Petroleum Company: The Developing Years 1901–1932 | volume=vol. I| location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1982 | isbn=9780521246477|url=https://www.amazon.com/History-British-Petroleum-Company-Vol/dp/0521246474 |ref=RefFerrier1982}}
  • {{Cite book| last=Bamberg| first=James H | title=The History of the British Petroleum Company: The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928–1954 | volume=vol. II| location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1994| isbn=9780521259507| url=https://www.amazon.com/History-British-Petroleum-Company-Vol/dp/0521259509|ref=RefJames1994}}
  • {{Cite book| last=Bamberg| first=James H | title=The History of the British Petroleum Company: British Petroleum and Global Oil, 1950–1975: The Challenge of Nationalism | volume=vol. III| location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000| isbn=9780521785150 |url=https://www.amazon.com/British-Petroleum-Global-Oil-1950-1975/dp/0521785154 |ref=RefJames2000}}
  • {{Cite book| last=Meyer | first=Karl E |author2=Brysac, Shareen | title=Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East | location=New York | publisher=W.W. Norton | year=2008 | isbn=9780393061994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcZrEHg4sdsC&printsec=frontcover|ref=RefKarl2008}}
  • {{Cite book| last=Kinzer | first=Stephen| title=All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror| publisher=Wiley | year=2003 | isbn=9780471265177 |pages=272|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wv4B6C-wTG8C&printsec=frontcover|ref=RefStephen2003}}
  • {{cite book|last= Louis|first=Wm. Roger|title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization|year=2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845113476|pages=1082|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA775&lpg=PA775|ref=RefRoger2007}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Sztucki |first=Jerzy |title=Interim measures in the Hague Court |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1984 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3yDlnBv6Y8cC&lpg=PA43&ots=3VRY_7MGuX&dq=AIOC%20hague%20iran&pg=PA43 |isbn=9789065440938|ref=RefJerzy1984}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Vassiliou |first=Marius |authorlink= Marius Vassiliou |title=Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry |year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=662 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vArc08DO9ykC&pg=PA269&lpg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9780810859937|ref=RefVassiliou2009}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Lauterpacht |first=E. |title=International Law Reports|year=1973|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=560 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIWcxX5jB5MC&pg=PA375&lpg=PA375|isbn=9780521463911|ref=RefLauterpacht1973}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Strategies, Markets and Governance: Exploring Commercial and Regulatory Agendas|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=360 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBLZfywCoJMC&pg=PA235&lpg=PA235

|isbn=9780521868457|ref=RefChristine2008}}
  • {{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=1096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&pg=PA665&lpg=PA665|isbn=9780521200950|ref=RefWilliam1991}}
{{Refend}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • NIOC – official website {{en icon}}
  • Official News Service for Oil and Gas in Iran
  • US Department of Energy - Iran's entry
  • PEDEC – official website
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000413/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Oil%26Gas.htm Oil & Gas Industry in Iran] - 2003 Study (history, market overview, domestic suppliers, major projects, buy-backs)
  • Australian Trade - Industry Profile for the Oil Sector in Iran
  • Iran Oil & Gas Resources
  • National Iranian Oil Company's Information Center & Central Library
  • UN Comtrade – Iran crude oil exports stats
{{Energy in Iran}}{{Petroleum Industry}}

6 : National Iranian Oil Company|Iranian brands|Non-renewable resource companies established in 1948|National oil and gas companies|Government-owned companies of Iran|Companies based in Tehran
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