“Wakhjir Pass”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Wakhjir Pass,^[1] also spelled Vakhjir Pass, is a mountain pass in the Hindu Kush or Pamirs at the eastern end of the Wakhan Corridor, the only pass between Afghanistan and China. It links Wakhan in Afghanistan with the Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang, China, at an altitude of {{convert|4923|m|ft}},^[2] but the pass is not an official border crossing point. The border has the sharpest official change of clocks of any international frontier (30 in Afghanistan to UTC+8, in China). China refers to the pass as South Wakhjir Pass ({{zh|c=南瓦根基达坂}}), as there is a northern pass on the Chinese side.^[2]

Overview

There is no road across the pass. On the Chinese side, the immediate region is only accessible to military personnel.^[3] A {{convert|92|km|mi}}- long barbed wire fence was erected on the border, and there is a Chinese border guard outpost at Keketuluke just {{convert|20|km|mi}} east of the pass.^[4] In the summer of 2009, the Chinese Ministry of National Defense began construction of a new road to within {{convert|10|km|mi}} of the border for use by border guards.^[5] The road leads through the Taghdumbash Pamir to the Karakoram Highway {{convert|80|km|mi}} away. The valley to the east of Wakhjir Pass on the Chinese side is called Chalachigu Valley. It is entirely closed to visitors; however, local residents and herders from the area are permitted access.^[6] The Chinese refers to it as the portion of Wakhan Corridor in China.

On the Afghan side, the nearest road is a rough road to Sarhad-e Wakhan (also known as Sarhad-e Broghil), about {{convert|100|km|mi}} from the pass by paths.^[7] Just below the pass on the Afghan side is an ice cave, at an altitude of {{convert|4554|m|ft}}. This is the source of the Wakhjir River, which ultimately flows to the Amu Darya (Oxus). The cave is therefore claimed as a source of the Amu Darya. Dilisang Pass, to Pakistan, is in the same valley about {{convert|20|km|mi}} away.^[3]

History

Traditionally, the pass is inaccessible for at least five months out of the year and is accessible irregularly for the remainder of the year.^[8] The terrain is extremely difficult, although Aurel Stein reported that the immediate approaches to the pass were "remarkably easy".^[9] There are few records of successful crossings by foreigners. Historically the pass was a trading route between Badakhshan and Yarkand, used by merchants from Bajaor.^[9] Wakhjir Pass is part of the Silk Road. It is believed that the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang traveled via this pass on his return trip to China in approximately 649 AD.^[10] It appears that Marco Polo came this way, although he did not mention the pass by name. The Jesuit priest Benedict Goëz crossed from the Wakhan to China between 1602 and 1606. The next oldest accounts are from the period of the Great Game in the late 19th century.^[11] In 1868, a pundit known as the Mirza, working for the Great Trigonometric Survey of India, crossed the pass.^[12] There were further crossings in 1874 by Captain T.E. Gordon of the British Army,^[13] in 1891 by Francis Younghusband,^[14] and in 1894 by Lord Curzon.^[15] In May 1906 Sir Aurel Stein crossed, and reported that at that time the pass was used by only 100 pony loads of goods each way annually.^[16] Since then the only Westerner to have crossed the pass seems to have been H.W. Tilman in 1947.^[17]

In 1895 the pass was established as the border between China and Afghanistan in an agreement between the British and the Russians, although the Chinese and Afghans did not finally agree on the border until 1963.^[2]^[18]

It is believed that in more recent times, the pass is sometimes used as a low-intensity drug smuggling route, and is used to transport opium made in Afghanistan to China.^[19] Afghanistan has asked China on several occasions to open the border in the Wakhan Corridor for economic reasons or as an alternative supply route for fighting the Taliban insurgency. However, China has resisted, largely due to unrest in its far western province of Xinjiang, which borders the corridor.^[20]^[21] {{as of|2009|12|alt=In December 2009}}, it was reported that the United States had asked China to open the corridor.^[22]

References

1. ^Ludwig W. Adamec. Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan Vol. 1. Badakhshan Province and northeastern Afghanistan. Graz : Akad. Druck- und Verl.-Anst., 1972.p. 185.
2. ^¹²{{cite wikisource |title=中华人民共和国和阿富汗王国边界条约 |trans-title=China-Afghanistan Border Agreement |wslanguage=zh |quote=经过高程为4923米的南瓦根基达坂（阿方图称瓦根基山口） |date=1963-11-22}}
3. ^¹{{Cite web| title = Pamir & Wakhan - Getting there| first = Julien| last = Dufour| work = Online Guide to Trekking in the Wakhan and Afghan Pamir| date = | accessdate = 2017-02-03| url = http://www.juldu.com/Pamir/getting_there.html| language = | quote = }}
4. ^{{Cite web| title = High alert| author = Cui Jia| website = China Daily| date = 2014-09-25| accessdate = 2017-02-03| url = http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-09/25/content_18657413.htm| language = en| quote = A barbed wire fence appeared after another 20 km west of Keketuluke. The fence separates China and Afghanistan amid the 92 km border area.}}
5. ^{{Cite web| title = China Builds Closer Ties to Afghanistan through Wakhan Corridor| author = Russell Hsiao, Glen E. Howard| work = Jamestown Foundation| date = 2010-01-07| accessdate = 2017-02-03| url = https://jamestown.org/program/china-builds-closer-ties-to-afghanistan-through-wakhan-corridor/| quote = }}
6. ^{{Cite web| title = 《环球时报》记者组在瓦罕走廊感受中国边防| author = 环球时报| website = china.huanqiu.com| publisher = Global Times| date = 2009-05-07| accessdate = 2017-02-04| url = http://china.huanqiu.com/roll/2009-05/453882.html| language = zh| quote = 由于瓦罕走廊没有开放旅游，普通游客走到这里便无法继续前行。...据他介绍，该派出所海拔3900米，辖区内户籍75户，约300人，到七八月夏季牧场开放时，山下牧民会到高海拔地区放牧，走廊人口将达到1800人左右。}}
7. ^J. Mock and K. O'Neil (2004): Expedition Report
8. ^{{Cite web| title = China and Afghan Opiates: China and Afghan Opiates: Assessing the Risk| first = Jacob| last = Townsend| website = Silk Road Paper| publisher = Institute for Security and Development Policy| date = June 2005| accessdate = 2017-02-03| url = https://www.silkroadstudies.org/resources/pdf/SilkRoadPapers/2005_06_SRP_Townsend_Opiates.pdf| language = | quote = The only border crossing is the Wakhjir Pass at an altitude of 4,927m, which is closed for at least five months a year and is open irregularly for the remainder.| page = 36}}
9. ^¹{{Cite book| last = Stein| first = M. Aurel| authorlink = Aurel Stein| title = Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan| publisher = Clarendon Press| year = 1907| location = Oxford, UK| volume = vol. 1| pages = 32| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FaMMAQAAMAAJ&vq=remarkably%20easy&pg=PA32| isbn =}}
10. ^{{Cite magazine| last = Stein| first = M. Aurel| authorlink = Aurel Stein| title = Exploration in Chinese Turkestan| magazine = United States Congressional Serial Set| number = 748| page = 752| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Neg3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA752&dq=wakhjir+pass| publisher = Smithsonian Institution| location = Washington, D.C.| date = 1903-06-30| accessdate = 2017-02-03| language = | quote = }}
11. ^Shahrani, M. Nazif. (1979) The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War University of Washington Press, Seattle, {{ISBN|0-295-95669-0}}; 1st paperback edition with new preface and epilogue (2002), {{ISBN|0-295-98262-4}} p.27
12. ^Shahrani, M. Nazif. (1979 and 2002) p.31
13. ^Keay, J. (1983) When Men and Mountains Meet {{ISBN|0-7126-0196-1}} p. 256-7
14. ^Younghusband, F. (1896, republished 2000) The Heart of a Continent {{ISBN|978-1-4212-6551-3}}
15. ^Geographical Journal (July to September 1896) cited in Mock and O'Neil 2004 Shipton Tilman Grant Application
16. ^Shahrani, M. Nazif (1979 and 2002) p.37
17. ^Mock and O'Neil 2004 Shipton Tilman Grant Application
18. ^{{Cite web| title = International Boundary Study - Afghanistan – China Boundary| author = Office of the Geographer| work = web.archive.org| date = 1969-05-01| accessdate = 2017-02-03| publisher = Bureau of Intelligence and Research| url = http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS089.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150103225351/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS089.pdf| archive-date = 2015-01-03| language = | quote = The Afghanistan–China boundary agreement, signed on November 22, 1963, was the fifth of these boundaries treaties initiated by the Chinese communists. }}
19. ^{{Cite web| title = Afghanistan border crossings| author = | work = Caravanistan| date = | accessdate = 2017-02-03| url = http://caravanistan.com/border-crossings/afghanistan/| quote = It is mostly used as a low-intensity drug-smuggling corridor to bring opium to China during the summer.}}
20. ^Afghanistan tells China to open Wakhan corridor route. The Hindu. June 11, 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108051455/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200906111512.htm |date=January 8, 2011 }}
21. ^China mulls Afghan border request. BBC News Online. June 12, 2009
22. ^South Asia Analysis Group: Paper No. 3579, 31 December 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613093607/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org//papers36/paper3579.html |date=June 13, 2010 }}

Overview

History

References

External links