“National Museum of Afghanistan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The National Museum of Afghanistan (Persian: موزیم ملی افغانستان, Mūzīyam-e mellī-ye Afghānestān; {{lang-ps|د افغانستان ملی موزیم}}, Də Afghānistān Millī Mūzīyəm), also known as the Kabul Museum, is a two-story building located 9 km southwest of the center of Kabul in Afghanistan. As of 2014, the museum is under major expansion according to international standards, with a larger size adjoining garden for visitors to relax and walk around.^[1]^[2] The museum was once considered to be one of the world's finest.^[1]^[2]

The museum's collection had earlier been one of the most important in Central Asia,^[3] with over 100,000 items dating back several millennia. With the start of the civil war in 1992, the museum was looted numerous times resulting in a loss of 70% of the 100,000 objects on display.^[6] Since 2007, a number of international organizations have helped to recover over 8,000 artifacts, the most recent being a limestone sculpture from Germany.^[4] Approximately 843 artifacts were returned by the United Kingdom in 2012, including the famous 1st Century Begram ivories.^[5]

History

The Afghan National Museum was opened in 1919 during the reign of King Amanullah Khan.^[6] The collection was originally inside the Bagh-e Bala Palace, but was moved in 1922 and began as a 'Cabinet of Curiosities'.^[7] It was moved to its present location in 1931.^[8] Historian Nancy Dupree co-authored A Guide to the Kabul Museum in 1964. In 1973, a Danish architect was hired to design a new building for the museum, but the plans were never carried out.^[9] In 1989, the Bactrian Gold had been moved to an underground vault at the Central Bank of Afghanistan.^[6]

After the collapse of President Najibullah's government and the start of a brutal civil war in the early 1990s, the museum was looted numerous times resulting in a loss of 70% of the 100,000 objects on display.^[10] A rocket attack in May 1993 buried ancient potteries under debris.^[11] In March 1994, the museum, which had been used as a military base, was struck by rocket fire and largely destroyed. The Ministry of Information and Culture of President Rabbani's government ordered that the 71 museum staff begin moving the inventory to Kabul Hotel (now Serena Hotel) in order to rescue them from further rocketing and shelling.^[9] In September 1996, staff at the museum completed the cataloging of the remaining materials.^[3] In February and March 2001, the Taliban destroyed countless pieces of art.^[12] It was reported in November 2001 that the Taliban had destroyed at least 2,750 ancient works of art during the year.^[13]

Between 2003 and 2006, about $350,000 was spent to refurbish the building. Many of the most precious objects had been sealed in metal boxes and removed for safety and were recovered and inventoried in 2004.^[14] Some archeological objects were found in vaults in Kabul,^[15] while a collection was also discovered in Switzerland.^[16] Since 2007, UNESCO and Interpol have helped to recover over 8,000 artefacts, the most recent being a limestone sculpture from Germany^[4] and 843 artefacts returned by the British Museum in July 2012, including the famous 1st Century Begram Ivories.^[5]

In 2012, an architecture firm from Spain won a competition for the new design of the Afghan National Museum.^[17] Work began in 2013 to expand the museum according to international standards, with a large adjoining garden for visitors to relax and walk around.^[18]

Collections

Many treasures of ivory are stored there, as are antiquities from Kushan, early Buddhism, and early Islam. One of the most famous pieces in the museum, and known to have survived the turbulent period in the 1990s is the Rabatak Inscription of King Kanishka.

Archaeological Materials

As the National Museum Kabul has been the repository for many of the most spectacular archaeological finds in the country. These include the painted frescos from Dilberjin; inscriptions, fragments of architecture, sculpture, metal objects, and coins rescued from the French excavations at Ai-Khanoum and Surkh Kotal; the spectacular collection of objects found at a merchants warehouse in the city of Bagram, which include ivories from India, mirrors from China, and glassware from the Roman Empire; the stucco heads of Hadda; Buddhist sculpture from Tepe Sardar and other monastic institutions in Afghanistan; and a large collection of Islamic art from the Ghazvanid and Timurid periods found at Ghazni.^[19]

Numismatic Collection

The National Museum has a large collection of coins, the Austrian numismatist Robert Göbl^[20] reported it contained 30,000 objects during a UNESCO sponsored audit of the collection. It is unknown how much the collection has grown since or what was lost during the various wars since. The collection contains the bulk of archaeological material recovered in Afghanistan. It has not been published, but individual hoards and archaeological sites have been. The {{Interlanguage link multi|French Archaeological Delegation in Afghanistan|fr|Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan|es|Delegación Arqueológica Francesa en Afganistán}} (DAFA) published the coin finds made at the town of Surkh Kotal. Some of the coins found at the excavation of Begram have been published.^[21] Part of the Mir Zakah hoard, a very unusual deposit containing enormous numbers of coins from the fourth century BC to third century AD, totalling 11,500 silver and copper coins were kept in the museum. Part of the hoard was published by DAFA.^[22] The museum has appointed a curator for Numismatics but the collection remains closed to scholars and the general public.^[23]

The travelling collection

Certain important parts of the collection, including material from Begram, Ai Khanum, Tepe Fullol, and the gold jewellery from all six of the excavated burials at Tillya Tepe, have been on travelling exhibition since 2006. They have been exhibited at the Guimet Museum in France, Four museums in the USA, the Canadian Museum of Civilization, the Bonn Museum in Germany, and most recently to the British Museum. They continue to tour and will eventually return to the National Museum.^[24]

See also

References

1. ^From Our Own Correspondent - a celebration of fifty years of the BBC Radio Programme by Tony Grant
2. ^Games without Rules: The Often-Interrupted History of Afghanistan by Tamim Ansary
3. ^¹{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor=Girardet, Edward |editor2=Jonathan Walter |others= |title= Afghanistan|year=1998 |month= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |publisher= CROSSLINES Communications, Ltd. |location=Geneva |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote=|page= 291 }}
4. ^¹(31 January 2012) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16811062 Germany returns Afghan sculpture] bbc.co.uk/news/
5. ^¹(19 July 2012) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18901966 Looted art returned to Afghanistan], bbc.co.uk
6. ^Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul (2008), p. 35. Eds., Friedrik Hiebert and Pierre Cambon. National Geographic, Washington, D.C. {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0374-9}}.
7. ^Meharry, Joanie Eva "The National Museum of Afghanistan: In Times of War", The Levantine Review
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/national-museum-afghanistan|title=National Museum of Afghanistan - SILK ROAD|website=en.unesco.org}}
9. ^¹{{cite encyclopedia |last=Grissmann |first=Carla |editor= Ehsan Yarshater|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Iranica|title= KABUL MUSEUM|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kabul-museum|edition= Online| date = February 19, 2004|publisher= Columbia University|location= United States}}
10. ^¹²{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12599726 | title = Afghan gold: How the country's heritage was saved | first = Alastair | last = Lawson |date = 1 March 2011 | work = BBC | accessdate = 1 March 2011}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/afghan/|title=Museum Under Siege: Full Text - Archaeology Magazine Archive|website=archive.archaeology.org}}
12. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/magazine-35342190/destruction-in-kabul-i-watched-as-the-taliban-destroyed-my-life-s-work |title=Destruction in Kabul: I watched as the Taliban destroyed my life's work |publisher=BBC News |date=20 January 2016 |access-date=15 February 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1363272/Taliban-destroyed-museum-exhibits.html|title=Taliban destroyed museum exhibits|date=23 November 2001|publisher=|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}
14. ^Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul (2008), pp. 37-53. Eds., Friedrik Hiebert and Pierre Cambon. National Geographic, Washington, D.C. {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0374-9}}.
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4174032&ps=rs|title=Interviews: Priceless Afghan Treasures Recovered|publisher=}}
16. ^{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6462433.stm | work=BBC News | title=Afghan treasures return to Kabul | date=17 March 2007}}
17. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.bustler.net/index.php/article/winners_of_the_national_museum_of_afghanistan_competition|title=Winners of the National Museum of Afghanistan Competition|first=|last=Bustler|publisher=}}
18. ^¹{{cite web |title=U.S. and Afghan Officials Inaugurate New Facilities for the National Museum |url=http://kabul.usembassy.gov/pr-120513.html |date=December 5, 2013 |accessdate=2014-01-24 |publisher=kabul.usembassy.gov}}
19. ^Tissot, F (2006) Catalogue of the National Museum of Afghanistan 1931-1985, UNESCO Publishing
20. ^{{Cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001569/156972eb.pdf |title=Report on mission as field expert numismatist at the National Museum at Kabul: Afghanistan |last=Göbl |first=Robert |publisher=UNESCO |date=4 July 1962 |access-date=15 February 2019}}
21. ^Ghrishman, 1946
22. ^Curiel, R and Schlumberger, D (1953) Tresors Monetaires D'Afghanistan MDAFA XIV: 65-97
23. ^Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 207
24. ^Cambon, P Afghanistan les tresors retrouves, Paris 2007