“National Museum of Natural History (France)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the {{Lang|fr|Muséum national d'histoire naturelle}} (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a {{lang|fr|grand établissement}} of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities. The main museum is located in Paris, France, on the left bank of the River Seine. It was founded in 1793 during the French Revolution, but was established earlier in 1635. As of 2017, the museum has 14 sites throughout France, with four in Paris, including the original location at the royal botanical garden, the {{lang|fr|Jardin des Plantes}}, which remains one of the seven departments of MNHN.

History

The museum was formally founded on 10 June 1793, during the French Revolution. Its origins lie, however, in the {{lang|fr|Jardin royal des plantes médicinales}} (royal garden of medicinal plants) created by King Louis XIII in 1635, which was directed and run by the royal physicians. The royal proclamation of the boy-king Louis XV on 31 March 1718, however, removed the purely medical function, enabling the garden—which became known simply as the {{lang|fr|Jardin du Roi}} (King's garden)—to focus on natural history.

For much of the 18th century (1739–1788), the garden was under the direction of Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, one of the leading naturalists of the Enlightenment, bringing international fame and prestige to the establishment. The royal institution remarkably survived the French Revolution by being reorganized in 1793 as a republican {{lang|fr|Muséum national d'histoire naturelle}} with twelve professorships of equal rank. Some of its early professors included eminent comparative anatomist Georges Cuvier and evolutionary pioneers Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. The museum's aims were to instruct the public, put together collections and conduct scientific research. It continued to flourish during the 19th century, and, particularly under the direction of chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul, became a rival to the University of Paris in scientific research. For example, during the period that Henri Becquerel held the chair for Applied Physics at the {{lang|fr|Muséum}} (1892–1908) he discovered the radiation properties of uranium. (Four generations of Becquerels held this chairmanship, from 1838 to 1948.)^[2]

A decree of 12 December 1891 ended this phase, returning the museum to an emphasis on natural history. After receiving financial autonomy in 1907, it began a new phase of growth, opening facilities throughout France during the interwar years. In recent decades, it has directed its research and education efforts at the effects on the environment of human exploitation. In French public administration, the {{lang|fr|Muséum}} is classed as a {{lang|fr|grand établissement}} of higher education.

Origin of the collections

In the 19th century Argentine naturalist Francisco Javier Muñiz developed a collection that he intended to be used to create a natural history museum. The artifacts were sent (donated or possibly donated by force) to Juan Manuel de Rosas,^[3]^[4] the dictator of the Argentine Federation, whose support was required to establish a museum.^[4] Rosas, in an attempt to build alliances overseas, sent collected fossils to Jean Henri Dupotet, Rear Admiral of the French Navy. Dupotet then sent them to Paris.^[4] In France, the Muñiz collection ended up in the National Museum of Natural History where they were studied by Paul Gervais.^[5]

In 1762 Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet was sent to Cayenne in French Guiana, where he assembled a vast herbarium which allowed him to prepare his Histoire des plantes de la Guiane françoise, published in 1775 and including almost 400 copperplate engravings.

When Fusée Aublet died at Paris in 1778, he left his herbarium to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, though the latter possessed it for only two months before he too died. It was eventually acquired by the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in 1953.

During the French Revolution the Museum expanded its collection substantially by claiming objects from the cabinets of the aristocracy and from other institutions, such as the Royal Academy of Sciences and the École Royale Vétérinaire d'Alfort.^[6]

Mission and organization

The museum has as its mission both research (fundamental and applied) and public diffusion of knowledge. It is organized into seven research and three diffusion departments.^[7]

The museum also developed higher education, and now delivers a master's degree.^[8]

Location and branches

The museum comprises fourteen sites^[9] throughout France with four in Paris, including the original location at the {{lang|fr|Jardin des Plantes}} in the 5th arrondissement (métro Place Monge). The galleries open to the public are the Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology, the Gallery of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy, the Gallery of Botany, and the famous Gallery of Evolution ({{lang|fr|grande galerie de l'Évolution}}). The Paleontology and comparative Anatomy Gallery is a 540 million year journey and one of the highlights of the museum. It starts with the famous fossils from the Paleozoic Era from 540 to 250 million years ago, such as the gigantic Dunkleosteus. The Mesozoic Era, 250 to 65 million years ago, marks the golden age of the dinosaurs such as the Diplodocus, Iguanodon, Carnotaurus, Triceratops. One contemporary of these animals was Sarcosuchus, a giant crocodile with terrifying teeth. ^[10] The Muséum's Menagerie is also located in the Jardin des plantes.

The current Gallery of Botany, erected in 1935, is intended to preserve the vast herbarium of the museum. Referred to by code P, the herbarium includes a large number of important collections amongst its 8 million plant specimens. The historical collections incorporated into the herbarium, each with its P prefix, include those of Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (P-LA) René Louiche Desfontaines (P-Desf.), Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and Charles Plumier (P-TRF). The designation at CITES is FR 75A. It publishes the botanical periodical Adansonia and journals on the flora of New Caledonia, Madagascar, and Comoro Islands, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, Cameroon, and Gabon.^[11]

The {{lang|fr|musée de l'Homme}} is also in Paris, in the 16th arrondissement (métro Trocadéro). It houses displays in ethnography and physical anthropology, including artifacts, fossils, and other objects.

Chairs

The transformation of the {{lang|fr|Jardin}} from the medicinal garden of the King to a national public museum of natural history required the creation of twelve chaired positions. Over the ensuing years the number of Chairs and their subject areas evolved, some being subdivided into two positions and others removed. The list of Chairs of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle includes major figures in the history of the Natural sciences. Early chaired positions were held by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, René Desfontaines and Georges Cuvier, and later occupied by Paul Rivet, Léon Vaillant and others.

In popular culture

The Gallery of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy and other parts of Jardin des Plantes was a source of inspiration for French graphic novelist Jacques Tardi. The gallery appears on the first page and several subsequent pages of {{lang|fr|Adèle et la bête}} (Adèle and the Beast; 1976), the first album in the series of {{lang|fr|Les Aventures extraordinaires d'Adèle Blanc-Sec}}. The story opens with a 136-million-year-old pterodactyl egg hatching, and a live pterodactyl escaping through the gallery glass roof, wreaking havoc and killing people in Paris (the Gallery of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy returned the favor by placing a life size cardboard cutout of Adèle and the hatching pterodactyl in a glass cabinet outside the main entrance on the top floor balcony).

Directors

Friends

The Friends of the Natural History Museum Paris is a private organization that provides financial support for the museum, its branches and the {{lang|fr|Jardin des Plantes}}. Membership includes free entry to all galleries of the museum and the botanical garden. The Friends have assisted the museum with many purchases for its collections over the years, as well as funds for scientific and structural development.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Management and preservation of the collections|url=http://www.mnhn.fr/en/about-museum/missions/management-and-preservation-collections|website=Muséum national d'histoire naturelle|accessdate=2017-03-11}}
2. ^{{cite journal| author = A. Allisy | title = Henri Becquerel: The Discovery of Radioactivity| journal = Radiation Protection Dosimetry | volume = 68| issue = 1| pages = 3–10| date = November 1, 1996 | url = http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/1-2/3 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031848}}
3. ^{{cite book|author1=Alex Levine|author2=Adriana Novoa|title=¡Darwinistas! The Construction of Evolutionary Thought in Nineteenth Century Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IH2XG-BwvUC&pg=PA85|date=5 January 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-22136-9|page=85}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|author1=Adriana Novoa|author2=Alex Levine|title=From Man to Ape: Darwinism in Argentina, 1870–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGeAGIipEQEC&pg=PA32|date=1 December 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-59616-7|page=32}}
5. ^¹{{cite book |last=Barquez |first=Rubén M. |last2=Díaz |first2=M. Mónica |date=2014 |chapter=History of mammalogy in Argentina |url=http://www.pidba.com.ar/2014%20Barquez%20y%20Diaz%20Masto%20Argentina.pdf |title=Historia de la mastozoología en Latinoamérica, las Guayanas y el Caribe |editor-last=Ortega |editor-first=José |editor-last2=Martínez |editor-first2=José Luis|editor-last3=Tirira |editor-first3=Diego G.|publisher=Editorial Murciélago Blanco y Asociación Ecuatoriana de Mastozoología |pages=15–50 |doi= |access-date=16 January 2016 |language=Spanish}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Heintzman|first1=Kit|title=A cabinet of the ordinary: domesticating veterinary education, 1766–1799|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|date=2018|doi=10.1017/S0007087418000274|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6021EB7317F4B67F6EBC150842D267E4/S0007087418000274a.pdf/div-class-title-a-cabinet-of-the-ordinary-domesticating-veterinary-education-1766-1799-div.pdf}}
7. ^Muséum national d'histoire naturelle; official website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226074803/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp |date=2008-02-26 }}
8. ^Official website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830142930/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/science/science/Enseignement/rubmastere/sspresentmaster.xsp?i=1 |date=2010-08-30 }}
9. ^Implantations, site of the MNHN
10. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.parisdigest.com/museums/natural-history.htm |title=Natural History Museum Paris |author= |year=2018 |publisher=Paris Digest |accessdate=2018-08-27}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/herbarium.php?irn=125382|title=Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle |author1=P. K. Holmgren |author2=N. H. Holmgren |date=2008 |work=Index Herbariorum |publisher=The New York Botanical Garden |accessdate=2009-03-10}}
12. ^Bruno David - Muséum national d'histoire naturelle