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词条 Walter Block
释义

  1. Personal life

  2. Professional career

  3. Defending the Undefendable

  4. Viewpoints

     Slavery and segregation  "Voluntary slave contract"  Slavery and civil rights in the United States  Productivity of blacks and women  Highway privatization  Punishment of government employees  Evictionism (in contrast to abortion)  "Negative homesteading"  Foreign policy   Animal rights  

  5. Publications

      As author    As editor  

  6. Notes

  7. External links

{{BLP sources|date=July 2013}}{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2014}}{{Infobox economist
|school_tradition = Austrian School
|image = Walter Block by Gage Skidmore.jpg
|caption = Walter Block speaking in May 2016
|name = Walter Block
|birth_name = Walter Edward Block
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|8|21}}
|birth_place = Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|contributions = Evictionism
|nationality = American
|field = Political economy, environmental economics, transport economics, political philosophy
|influences = Ludwig von Mises, Murray Rothbard, Ayn Rand, Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Ron Paul, Lew Rockwell, H.L. Mencken
}}

Walter Edward Block (born August 21, 1941) is an American Austrian School economist and anarcho-capitalist theorist.[1] He currently holds the Harold E. Wirth Eminent Scholar Endowed Chair in Economics at the J. A. Butt School of Business at Loyola University New Orleans, and is a senior fellow of the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama.[2] He is best known for his 1976 book Defending the Undefendable, which takes contrarian positions in defending acts which are illegal or disreputable but Block argues are actually victimless crimes or benefit the public.

Personal life

Block was born in Brooklyn, New York to Jewish parents Abraham Block, a certified public accountant, and Ruth Block, a paralegal, both of whom Block has said were liberals.[3] He attended James Madison High School, where Bernie Sanders was on his track team.[4] Block earned his Ph.D. degree in economics from Columbia University and wrote his dissertation on rent control in the United States under Gary Becker.[5] Block identifies himself as a "devout atheist".[6]

In an interview, Block stated, "In the fifties and sixties, I was just another commie living in Brooklyn."[7] Block credits his shift to libertarianism to his having attended a lecture by Ayn Rand while he was an undergraduate student.[3] Block later attended a luncheon with Rand, Nathaniel Branden, and Leonard Peikoff at which Branden suggested that Block read Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand and Economics in One Lesson by Henry Hazlitt.[3] He says that the final push to his conversion came from having met Austrian School anarcho-capitalist theorist Murray Rothbard.[3] Though a committed anarchist and, unlike the Objectivist followers of Ayn Rand, ultimately opposed to limited or minimal government; and even while criticizing her movement as "cultish", Block still describes himself as "a big fan" of Rand and considers Atlas Shrugged to be "the best novel ever written."[8]

Professional career

Walter Block received a B.A. in philosophy from Brooklyn College in 1964 and a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University in 1972. He taught at the University of Central Arkansas, Holy Cross College, Baruch College and Rutgers University. He now holds the Harold E. Wirth Eminent Scholar Endowed Chair in Economics at the Butt College of Business, Loyola University, in New Orleans.[9]

From 1979 to 1991, Block was the senior economist with the Fraser Institute.[5] He is currently a senior fellow at Ludwig von Mises Institute, which has published various blog posts of his since 2000.[9][10]

In the years since 1971, Block has been the author or co-author of over 500 scholarly articles published in the peer-reviewed literature, an exceptionally high number compared with most other academics.[11] His work has been published in the Journal of Libertarian Studies, the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, the Review of Austrian Economics, the American Journal of Economics and Sociology, the Journal of Labor Economics and Public Choice[12][13] and in Psychology Today and other popular media.[14][14]

Defending the Undefendable

{{further|Defending the Undefendable}}

Block has written two dozen books.[15] He is best known for his 1976 book Defending the Undefendable which Marcus Epstein describes as defending "pimps, drug dealers, blackmailers, corrupt cops, and loan sharks as economic heroes."[16][17] The book has been translated into ten foreign languages.[9] Fox Business Channel pundit John Stossel wrote that Block's "eye-opening" book inspired him to see that economics "illuminates what common sense overlooks."[18]

Viewpoints

{{Libertarianism sidebar}}

Slavery and segregation

"Voluntary slave contract"

Block believes that people should have the legal right to sell themselves into slavery, or to buy and keep slaves, in a libertarian legal order.

In an essay on "inalienability" of natural and legal rights, Block defends what he calls a "voluntary slave contract", arguing that it is "a bona fide contract where consideration crosses hands; when it is abrogated, theft occurs". He notes only Robert Nozick agrees with him, and critiques the views of the libertarians who disagree. Block seeks to make "a tiny adjustment" which "strengthens libertarianism by making it more internally consistent." He argues that his position shows "that contract, predicated on private property [can] reach to the furthest realms of human interaction, even to voluntary slave contracts."[19]

Slavery and civil rights in the United States

A January 2014 article in the New York Times noted that Block opposed slavery because it was involuntary. The Times piece also quoted him as saying, apart from its involuntary nature, slavery was "not so bad — you pick cotton and sing songs." Block also told the Times that Woolworth's had the right to exclude blacks from its lunch counters, arguing that "no one is compelled to associate with people against their will."[20] Though he concedes the quotes attributed to him were accurate, Block responded to the article by accusing the Times of libel for allegedly quoting him out of context. He reiterated his opposition to slavery on the basis of its being involuntary, as well as his support for the right of Woolworth's to segregate on the basis of race. He called slavery monstrous, but only because it violated the libertarian non aggression principle, and for no other reason.[21] An Inside Higher Education piece noted that, in response to the story, seventeen faculty members at Block's university publicly called for him to be censured for his "recurring public attacks ... on the civil rights of all." The piece also reported that Reverend Kevin Wildes, the President of Block's university, took the "unusual step" of publicly critiquing his arguments as fallacious.[22]

Productivity of blacks and women

In a lecture Block called "Injustices in the Politics and Economics of Social Justice"[23] presented at the invitation of the Adam Smith Society of the Economics Department of Loyola College, Baltimore in November 2008, Block asserted that blacks and women were paid less than whites because they are "less productive".[16]

In the lecture, Block defended his views on women by alleging that, among younger and unmarried women, there is virtually no income disparity. When asked by an attendee to explain the difference in productivity between blacks and whites, he stated that as an economist he was not qualified to explain the disparity. Block did offer two thoughts that might account for the disparity: first, what he called the "politically correct" explanation, or socioeconomic disparities and historical injustices towards blacks; second, a "political incorrect" explanation, or "lower black IQs".[16]

James Gill wrote in the Times-Picayune that the lecture "ignited a furor", resulting in the president of the university, Reverend Brian F. Linnane, apologizing for what was taken as a "sexist and racist outburst", with Gill opining that, "ideas contrary to fashionable preconceptions are always likely to throw academia into a fit".[24]

According to Inside Higher Ed

Perhaps almost as notable as the president's direct response was the condemnation issued jointly by the college's economics department and the Adam Smith Society ... "It is important to note that the remark was offensive not just because it was racially insensitive, but because it was erroneous and indicated poor-quality scholarship. There is ample scholarly evidence that, after adjusting for productivity-related characteristics (e.g., years of schooling, work experience, union and industry status, etc.) a considerable wage gap remains."[23]

In response to the criticisms, Block said he "regards sensitivity as the enemy of intellectual inquiry and truth."[16][24][25] In a December 2008 article, Block wrote that the lessons he had learned from the incident were regarding the need for tenure if one wants to speak out, the wisdom of Murray Rothbard's words that "it is totally irresponsible to have a loud and vociferous opinion on economic subjects" while remaining ignorant of economics, and the importance of Ludwig von Mises' motto: "Do not give in to evil, but proceed ever more boldly against it."[26]

Highway privatization

{{further|Highway privatization|Free-market roads}}

Block believes that government management of roads and highways is not only inefficient but also deadly. He argues that "road socialism" causes the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the United States each year. And, although many people blame highway deaths on alcohol, unsafe vehicles, or speeding, Block lays the blame on the government officials who manage the highway system. "It may well be that speed and alcohol are deleterious to safe driving; but it is the road manager's task to ascertain that the proper standards are maintained with regard to these aspects of safety. If unsafe conditions prevail in a private, multistory parking lot, or in a shopping mall, or in the aisles of a department store, the entrepreneur in question is held accountable."[27]

Punishment of government employees

Block has written two papers about punishment of those engaging in "statist, governmental or other gangster activity". Block argues that there should be "a presumption that all government employees are guilty of a crime against humanity," though he notes that this presumption can be rebutted in many cases, such as that of U.S. Congressman and Mises Institute Senior Fellow Ron Paul. Block examines issues like restitution of land taken through eminent domain and possible retribution against politicians, IRS employees, and others who cooperated in governmental activity. He describes rules by which libertarian "Nuremberg Trials" might operate.[28][29]

Evictionism (in contrast to abortion)

{{further|Evictionism|Libertarian perspectives on abortion|Stem cell controversy}}

According to Block's moral theory, the act of abortion must be conceptually separated into the acts of the eviction of the fetus from the womb, and the killing of the fetus. Building on the libertarian stand against trespass and murder, Block supports a right to the first act, but, except in certain circumstances, not the second act. Block believes the woman may legally abort if the fetus is not viable outside the womb, or the woman has announced to the world her abandonment of the right to custody of the fetus, and no one else has "homesteaded" that right by offering to care for the fetus.[30]

He also has written on finding a compromise between those who believe stem cell research is murder and those who favor it. He applies a libertarian theory of private property rights to his premise that even fertilized eggs have human rights and that the relevant issues are competition between researchers and those who wish to adopt the eggs.[31]

"Negative homesteading"

Block has theorized on whether a person defending oneself can harm a human shield or hostage used by an aggressor while in an act of self-defense. Block holds this is legitimate because the human shield is the first victim of the aggressor and, as such, he cannot be allowed to pass on his misery to the person defending oneself, the intended second victim of the aggressor. Block calls this "negative homesteading theory".[32][33]

Foreign policy

Block supports a non-interventionist foreign policy.[34] On LewRockwell.com, he criticized Randy Barnett's Wall Street Journal editorial on presidential candidate Ron Paul and on foreign policy.[35]

Animal rights

Block believes that the libertarian non-aggression principle does not apply to animals and that the right of human owners to kill, torture, or otherwise abuse animals may be an unavoidable corollary of libertarian premises. He articulated this position in a 2017 debate on animal rights, maintaining that groups must be able to petition for rights and respect the rights of others in order to qualify for rights themselves.[36]

Publications

As author

  • Defending the Undefendable (1976; translated into ten foreign languages.[9]) {{ISBN|0930073053}}
  • A Response to the Framework Document for Amending the Combines Investigation Act (1982)
  • Focus on Economics and the Canadian Bishops (1983)
  • Focus on Employment Equity: A Critique of the Abella Royal Commission on Equality in Employment (with Michael A. Walker; 1985)
  • The U.S. Bishops and Their Critics: An Economic and Ethical Perspective (1986). {{ISBN|978-0889750852}}. {{OCLC|15348791}}
  • Lexicon of Economic Thought (with Michael A. Walker; 1988) {{ISBN|978-0889750814}}. {{OCLC|246846272}}
  • Economic Freedom of the World, 1975–1995 (with James Gwartney, Robert Lawson; 1996)
  • Labor Economics from a Free Market Perspective: Employing the Unemployable (2008). {{ISBN|978-9812705686}}. {{OCLC|169873717}}
  • The Privatization of Roads and Highways: Human and Economic Factors (2009). {{ISBN|978-0773458413}}. {{OCLC|64487353}}
  • Differing Worldviews in Higher Education: Two Scholars Argue Cooperatively about Justice Education (2010) {{ISBN|978-9460913501}}
  • Building Blocks for Liberty (2010). Ludwig von Mises Institute, {{ISBN|978-1933550916}}. {{OCLC|717747069}}
  • {{cite book|title=The case for discrimination|date=2010|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute|location=Auburn, Alabama|isbn=978-1933550817|url=}}
  • Yes to Ron Paul and Liberty (2012). {{ISBN|978-4871873239}}. {{OCLC|810904922}}
  • Water Capitalism: The Case for Privatizing Oceans, Rivers, Lakes, and Aquifers (2016). {{ISBN|978-1498518826}}.
  • Space Capitalism: How Humans Will Colonize Planets, Moons, and Asteroids (2018). {{ISBN|978-3-319-74650-0}}.

As editor

  • Zoning: Its Costs and Relevance for the 1980s (Ed.; 1980)
  • Rent Control: Myths & Realities (Ed. with Edgar Olsen; 1981)
  • Discrimination, Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity (Ed. with Michael A. Walker; 1982)
  • Taxation: An International Perspective (Ed. with Michael A. Walker; 1984)
  • Economics and the Environment: A Reconciliation (Ed.; 1985; translated into Portuguese 1992) {{ISBN|0-88975-067-X}}
  • Morality of the Market: Religious and Economic Perspectives (Ed. with Geoffrey Brennan, Kenneth Elzinga; 1985)
  • Theology, Third World Development and Economic Justice (Ed. with Donald Shaw; 1985)
  • Reaction: The New Combines Investigation Act (Ed.; 1986)
  • Religion, Economics & Social Thought (Ed. with Irving Hexham; 1986)
  • [https://www.mises.org/books/maneconomyliberty.pdf Man, Economy and Liberty: Essays in Honor of Murray N. Rothbard] (Ed. with Lew Rockwell; 1988)
  • Breaking the Shackles; the Economics of Deregulation: A Comparison of U.S. and Canadian Experience (Ed. with George Lermer; 1991)
  • Economic Freedom: Toward a Theory of Measurement (Ed.; 1991)
  • Libertarian Autobiographies (Ed.; forthcoming)

Notes

1. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.walterblock.com/about/# |title=About Walter Block |access-date=March 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229160325/http://www.walterblock.com/about/# |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Mises Institute Faculty Listing|url=https://mises.org/faculty|accessdate=July 31, 2013}}
3. ^1 2 3 Walter Block. "On Autobiography." LewRockwell.com. December 4, 2002.  
4. ^{{cite news|last1=Chana|first1=Jas|title=Straight Outta Brooklyn, by Way of Vermont: The Bernie Sanders Story|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/192931/bernie-sanders-story|accessdate=February 12, 2016|work=The Tablet|date=August 20, 2015|quote=At James Madison, Bernie Sanders was a talented athlete and a natural leader. Block recalled how the high school's freshmen would look up to him during their senior year track sessions.}}
5. ^1 Walter Block curriculum vitae on Walterblock.com, p. 2.
6. ^Block, Walter. "Open Letter to Ron Paul by Walter Block." LewRockwell.com. December 28, 2007.  
7. ^"Radical Economics: An Interview with Walter Block." Austrian Economics Newsletter. Summer 1999. [https://www.mises.org/journals/aen/aen19_2_1.asp]
8. ^VoluntaryVirtues0com. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsdruHEyf5c "Walter Block on Triple V Roads, Ron Paul, Property Rights, Abortion, Venus Project, FSP, more"]. YouTube. July 5, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
9. ^1 2 3 Walter Block faculty page, Loyola University New Orleans, accessed July 31, 2013.
10. ^[https://mises.org/daily/author/443 Walter Block] at Ludwig von Mises Institute website.
11. ^{{Cite web | url=http://tomwoods.com/ep-823-major-milestone-libertarian-walter-block-looks-back-on-500-peer-reviewed-articles/ | title=Ep. 823 Major Milestone: Libertarian Walter Block Looks Back on 500 Peer-Reviewed Articles | Tom Woods}}
12. ^Walter Block curriculum vitae sections on Articles Published in Refereed Journals and Reference Works.
13. ^[https://link.springer.com/journal/11127 Public Choice], publication of Springer Science+Business Media.
14. ^1 {{cite web|last=Block|first=Walter|title=Psychology Today Blog Index|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/search/query?keys=walter+block&x=-1319&y=-105|accessdate=August 4, 2013}}
15. ^Walter Block curriculum vitae on Walterblock.com, p. 1.
16. ^1 2 3 Marcus Epstein, Defending the Truly Undefendable
17. ^Walter Block, Defending the Defendable book reprint, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008 version.
18. ^John Stossel, Almost Everything We're Taught Is Wrong, Using economics to explode fallacies, Reason, August 25, 2011.
19. ^Walter Block, "[https://mises.org/journals/jls/17_2/17_2_3.pdf Towards a Libertarian Theory of Inalienability: A Critique of Rothbard, Barnett, Smith, Kinsella, Gordon, and Epstein]." pp. 39–85, Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, Spring 2003, p. 44, p. 48, p. 82 and p. 46
20. ^Tanenhaus, Sam and Ruttenberg, Jim (January 25, 2014). "Rand Paul's Mixed Inheritance". [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/us/politics/rand-pauls-mixed-inheritance.html?_r=0 The New York Times]
21. ^Block, Walter (January 30, 2014). "Reply to the Scurrilous, Libelous, Venomous, Scandalous New York Times Smear Campaign." LewRockwell.cm
22. ^Jaschik, Scott (February 24, 2014). "Professor Who Defends Segregation." Inside Higher Education
23. ^1 Guess, Andy (November 19, 2008). "When Austrian Economics and Jesuit Theology Don't Mix." Inside Higher Education
24. ^1 Gill, James (November 26, 2008). "Loyola economics chair Walter Block ignites furor for asserting that women, blacks less productive in workplace." Times-Picayune
25. ^Block, Walter (November 18, 2008). "A (Not So) Funny Thing Happened to me in Baltimore." LewRockwell.com
26. ^Walter Block, "Battling Political Correctness", LewRockwell.com, December 16, 2008
27. ^Block, Walter. The Privatization of Roads and Highways: Human and Economic Factors; Auburn, AL: The Mises Institute, 2009
28. ^Walter Block, "[https://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_33.pdf Toward a Libertarian Theory of Guilt and Punishment for the Crime of Statism"], Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 22, (2011): 665–665.
29. ^Walter Block, "[https://mises.org/document/3974/ Libertarian Punishment Theory: Working for, and Donating to, the State"], Libertarian Papers 1, no. 17 (2009): 1–31.
30. ^* Walter Block, Compromising the Uncompromisable: A Private Property Approach to Resolving the Abortion Controversy, Walter Block personal web site, originally published in Appalachian Journal of Law, Vol. 4:1.* Jakub Bozydar Wisniewski, "A Critique of Block on Abortion and Child Abandonment", LibertariansPapers.org, project of Ludwig Von Mises Institute, Vol. 2, Art. No. 16 (2010)
31. ^*Walter Block, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20624766 A Libertarian Perspective on the Stem Cell Debate: Compromising the Uncompromisible,] Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. Vol. 35, 2010, p. 429–448*Walter Block, Objections to the Libertarian Stem Cell Compromise, Libertarian Papers Vol. 2, Art. No. 34, 2010
32. ^Jakobsson, Carl. 2010. [https://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_6.pdf The Negative Homesteading Theory: Rejoinder to Walter Block on Human Body Shields], Journal of Libertarian Studies. Vol. 22 Num. 1
33. ^Walter Block, [https://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_30.pdf The Human Body Shield], Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 22 (2011): 625–630.
34. ^{{Cite web | url=https://mises.org/library/toward-libertarian-society | title=Toward a Libertarian Society| date=2014-06-06}}
35. ^https://www.lewrockwell.com/2007/07/walter-e-block/libertarianism-vs-war/
36. ^{{Citation|last=Lucy Steigerwald|title=Animal Rights?: A Debate Between Walter Block and Thomas Raskin|date=2017-08-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEtbzIKPKQI|accessdate=2018-01-14}}

External links

{{Portal|Libertarianism|Capitalism|Economics}}
  • Walter Block faculty page, College of Business Administration, Loyola University New Orleans.
  • WalterBlock.com
  • {{IMDb name|8159484}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20061224053258/http://mises.org:88/Block Commentary by Walter Block for CNBC]
  • [https://mises.org/fellow.aspx?id=6 Biography and Article Archive] at Mises.org.
  • [https://www.mises.org/media.aspx?action=showname&ID=443 Media Archive] at Mises.org.
  • Defending the Undefendable
{{Libertarianism}}{{Anarcho-capitalism}}{{Austrian economists}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Block, Walter}}

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