| 词条 | Walter Borchers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Walter Borchers |birth_date={{birth date|1916|1|22|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|1945|3|6|1916|1|22|df=y}} |image= |caption= |birth_place=Ofen, Ammerland, Duchy of Oldenburg |death_place=north of Altenburg |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch={{Luftwaffe}} |serviceyears= |rank=Oberstleutnant |unit=ZG 76, NJG 1, NJG 2 |commands= NJG 5 |battles=Defence of the Reich{{KIA}} |awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |relations= |laterwork=}} Walter Borchers (22 January 1916 – 6 March 1945) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during World War II. As a flying ace, he was credited with 59 aerial victories, including 43 nocturnal victories, 10 as a destroyer pilot and 6 four-engined bombers at day time, claimed in roughly 300 combat missions.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=92}} Prior to his death he held the position of wing commander of the 5th Night Fighter Wing. BiographyWalter Borchers was born on 22 January 1916 in Ofen in Ammerland, Duchy of Oldenburg as the third of three brothers, all of whom would be awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross during the course of World War II. His brother, Major Adolf Borchers received the Knight's Cross on 22 November 1944 as Staffelkapitän of 11./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders". A second brother, SS-Hauptsturmführer Hermann Borchers received the Knight's Cross on 16 October 1944 as commander of the I. Battalion of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 19.{{sfn|Fellgiebel|2000|p=140}} Borchers was a member of the 5th Staffel (squadron) of Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing) at the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939. He became the Staffelkapitän of 5./ZG 76 in the fall of 1940. He claimed 10 aerial victories during the Battle of France and Battle of Britain.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=92}} His Staffel was transformed to the 8./Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) in the fall of 1941, flying night fighter missions in Defence of the Reich. Borchers claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the night of 3 March 1943. He claimed his 12th and 15th against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavies—four-engined strategic bombers—in 1943. Still an Oberleutnant he was made Gruppenkommandeur of the III./Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing) on 22 April 1943, leading the Gruppe (group) until 23 March 1944. In this position he claimed a further six nocturnal victories and four heavy USAAF bombers shot down. He was promoted to Major and took command of NJG 5 as Geschwaderkommodore. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 July 1944 by which time he had achieved 45 aerial victories in total.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=92}} Having claimed an Avro Lancaster, Borchers was shot down and killed in action on the night of 6 March 1945 by a long-range British night fighter north of Altenburg. Flying Junkers Ju 88 G-6 "C9+GA" (Werknummer 622 319—factory number) his air gunner parachuted to safety while his radio operator Leutnant Friedrich Reul was also killed. Borchers had been nominated for the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross which he never received.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=92}} His victors were Wing Commander Walter Gibb and Flying Officer Kendall of No 239 Squadron, Royal Air Force (RAF), part of No. 100 Group RAF, flying a de Havilland Mosquito night fighter{{sfn|Bowman|1998|p=86}} Summary of careerAerial victory claimsForeman, Parry and Matthews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 32 nocturnal victory claims.{{sfn|Foreman|Parry|Matthews|2004|pp=68–240}} Matthews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Borchers with additional eleven aerial victories claimed as a Zerstörer pilot.{{sfn|Matthews|Foreman|2014|pp=127–128}} Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 4317". The Luftwaffe grid map ({{lang|de|Jägermeldenetz}}) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about {{Convert|360|sqmi|sqkm}}. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.{{sfn|Planquadrat}}
Awards
ReferencesCitationsBibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last=Bergström |first=Christer |work=Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat |title= Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website |url= http://www.bergstrombooks.elknet.pl/bc-rs/planquadrat.htm |accessdate=16 February 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|Planquadrat}} }}
|last=Bowman |first=Martin W. |year=1998 |title=Mosquito Fighter/Fighter-Bomber Units of World War 2 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-85532-731-3 |ref=harv }}
|last=Fellgiebel |first=Walther-Peer |authorlink=Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |year=2000 |origyear=1986 |title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |language=German |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Foreman |first1=John |last2=Parry |first2=Simon |last3=Matthews |first3=Johannes |year=2004 |title=Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945 |trans-title= |language=English |location=Walton on Thames |publisher=Red Kite |isbn=978-0-9538061-4-0 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Matthews |first1=Andrew Johannes |last2=Foreman |first2=John |year=2014 |title=Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F |location=Walton on Thames |publisher=Red Kite |isbn=978-1-906592-18-9 |ref=harv }}
|last=Obermaier |first=Ernst |year=1989 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 |language=German |location=Mainz, Germany |publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann |isbn=978-3-87341-065-7 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Patzwall |first1=Klaus D. |last2=Scherzer |first2=Veit |year=2001 |title=Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II |trans-title=The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2 |language=German |location=Norderstedt, Germany |publisher=Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall |isbn=978-3-931533-45-8 |ref=harv }}
|last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=German |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 |ref=harv }}
before=Major Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld| after=Major Rudolf Schoenert| title= Commander of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5| years=15 March 1944 – 5 March 1945 }}{{s-end}}{{Top German World War II night fighter aces}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Aviation | portal2=Biography | portal3=Military of Germany | portal4=World War II }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Borchers, Walter}} 10 : 1916 births|1945 deaths|People from Ammerland|Luftwaffe pilots|People from Oldenburg (state)|German World War II flying aces|German military personnel killed in World War II|Aviators killed by being shot down|Recipients of the Gold German Cross|Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |
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