“National Park, New Jersey”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

National Park is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 3,036,^[4]^[8]^[5] reflecting a decline of 169 (-5.3%) from the 3,205 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 208 (-6.1%) from the 3,413 counted in the 1990 Census.^[15] Despite its name, National Park is neither a national park nor associated with one.

History

In 1777, during the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Army under command of George Washington constructed two forts on the Delaware River to block the approach to Philadelphia: Fort Mifflin on the Pennsylvania side and Fort Mercer on the New Jersey side in what is now National Park. The fort was named in honor of Brigadier General Hugh Mercer who had died earlier that year at the Battle of Princeton. A park, monument, and museum commemorate the fort on its original site.

On October 22 of that year, in what is known as the Battle of Red Bank, an attack by 900 Hessian troops, serving under British Major General William Howe, who then occupied Philadelphia, was repelled, with heavy losses on the Hessian side (including the death of their commander, Colonel Carl Emil Kurt von Donop) by the 600 Continental defenders under Colonel Christopher Greene. After the loss of Fort Mifflin, Fort Mercer was abandoned without a fight when Lord Charles Cornwallis landed 2,000 British troops nearby on November 18.^[16]^[17]

Beginning in 1895, the area was commercially developed as a religious retreat for members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and called National Park on the Delaware. The founder, the Rev. James E. Lake, also created Ocean City, New Jersey.^[18]

National Park was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 15, 1902, from portions of West Deptford Township.^[19] The town name probably originated in reference to the Red Bank Battlefield Park.^[20]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.452 square miles (3.762 km²), including 1.004 square miles (2.601 km²) of land and 0.448 square miles (1.161 km²) of water (30.86%).^[3]^[8]

The borough borders West Deptford Township and the Delaware River. The Delaware River shore faces the southern end of Philadelphia, approximately across from the mouth of the Schuylkill River and the site of Fort Mifflin.

Demographics

Census 2010

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $65,852 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,987) and the median family income was $70,341 (+/- $8,049). Males had a median income of $51,886 (+/- $2,493) versus $32,788 (+/- $5,594) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $26,699 (+/- $2,574). About 4.1% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.^[28]

Census 2000

As of the 2000 United States Census^[12] there were 3,205 people, 1,111 households, and 865 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,219.0 people per square mile (1,237.5/km²). There were 1,165 housing units at an average density of 1,170.1 per square mile (449.8/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.35% White, 0.09% Black, 0.25% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.^[29]^[30]

There were 1,111 households out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.24.^[29]^[30]

In the borough the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.^[29]^[30]

The median income for a household in the borough was $48,534, and the median income for a family was $51,535. Males had a median income of $35,102 versus $27,398 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,048. About 6.5% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.^[29]^[30]

Government

Local government

National Park is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government. The governing body consists of a Mayor and a Borough Council comprising six council members, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council consists of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle.^[31] The Borough form of government used by National Park, the most common system used in the state, is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.^[32]^[33]

Joy Hibbs was selected by the Borough Council in August 2014 from three names nominated by the municipal Democratic committee to fill the vacant seat of Dennis Mehaffey, who resigned in the previous month due to conflicts with his work schedule.^[40] in the November 2014 general election, Hibbs was elected to serve the balance of the term though December 2016.^[38]

Federal, state and county representation

National Park is located in the 1st Congressional District^[41] and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district.^[42]^[43]^[44]

Politics

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 2,045 registered voters in National Park, of which 1,021 (49.9%) were registered as Democrats, 213 (10.4%) were registered as Republicans and 811 (39.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties.^[45]

In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 63.8% of the vote (819 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 34.4% (442 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (23 votes), among the 1,301 ballots cast by the borough's 2,064 registered voters (17 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.0%.^[46]^[47] In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 59.5% of the vote (892 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 37.3% (560 votes) and other candidates with 1.7% (26 votes), among the 1,500 ballots cast by the borough's 2,164 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.3%.^[48] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 60.9% of the vote (868 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 37.6% (536 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (15 votes), among the 1,426 ballots cast by the borough's 2,069 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 68.9.^[49]

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 64.6% of the vote (469 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.0% (232 votes), and other candidates with 3.4% (25 votes), among the 746 ballots cast by the borough's 2,041 registered voters (20 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.6%.^[50]^[51] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 46.2% of the vote (408 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 40.2% (355 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 10.2% (90 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (7 votes), among the 883 ballots cast by the borough's 2,095 registered voters, yielding a 42.1% turnout.^[52]

Education

The National Park School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at National Park Elementary School. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its one school had an enrollment of 295 students and 25.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.7:1.^[53]

Students in public school for seventh through twelfth grades attend Gateway Regional High School, which serves students from the boroughs of National Park, Wenonah, Westville and Woodbury Heights as part of the Gateway Regional High School District.^[54]^[55] As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 961 students and 81.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1.^[56]

Transportation

Roads and highways

No Interstate, U.S., state or major county highways directly serve National Park. The most significant roads are minor county routes, such as County Route 642. Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 130 pass just outside the town in neighboring West Deptford Township.

Public transportation

Site of Fort Mercer

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with National Park include:

References

1. ^2017 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. Accessed May 30, 2017.
2. ^Municipal Clerk and Administrator, Borough of National Park. Accessed July 6, 2016.
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵2010 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey County Subdivisions, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2015.
4. ^¹²DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for National Park borough, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 7, 2012.
5. ^¹²Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for National Park borough, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed November 7, 2012.
6. ^¹GCT-PH1 Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 7, 2012.
7. ^{{Gnis|885314|Borough of National Park}}, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 8, 2013.
8. ^¹[https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990], United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
9. ^Look Up a ZIP Code for National Park, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed November 7, 2012.
10. ^Zip Codes, State of New Jersey. Accessed August 28, 2013.
11. ^Area Code Lookup - NPA NXX for National Park, NJ, Area-Codes.com. Accessed August 28, 2013.
12. ^¹American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
13. ^A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed October 29, 2012.
14. ^US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014.
15. ^Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed November 7, 2012.
16. ^About National Park, Borough of National Park. Accessed November 7, 2012.
17. ^Red Bank Battlefield Park, Gloucester County, New Jersey. Accessed September 9, 2015.
18. ^Shamlin, Wilford S. [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courierpostonline/access/1785557741.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+01%2C+2005&author=WILFORD+S+SHAMLIN&pub=Courier+Post&desc=National+Park+has+green%2C+but+no+park&pqatl=google "National Park has green, but no park"], Courier Post, July 1, 2005. Accessed November 7, 2012. "Originally named National Park on the Delaware River, National Park was incorporated on April 15, 1902. But it was several years earlier, in 1895, that the Rev. James E. Lake, who also founded Ocean City, and others incorporated The National Park Association."
19. ^Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 140. Accessed October 23, 2012.
20. ^Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 9, 2015.
21. ^¹PEPANNRES - Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 - 2016 Population Estimates for New Jersey municipalities, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 16, 2017.
22. ^Census Estimates for New Jersey April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 16, 2017.
23. ^Barnett, Bob. "Population Data for Gloucester County Municipalities, 1800 - 2000, WestJersey.org, January 6, 2011. Accessed November 7, 2012.
24. ^[https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/handle/10929/25218?show=full Compendium of censuses 1726-1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905], New Jersey Department of State, 1906. Accessed August 13, 2013.
25. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=T9HrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA336 Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890], United States Census Bureau, p. 336. Accessed November 7, 2012.
26. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=kifRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA716 Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 - Population Volume I], United States Census Bureau, p. 716. Accessed November 7, 2012.
27. ^Table 6. New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 - 1990, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed June 28, 2015.
28. ^DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for National Park borough, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 7, 2012.
29. ^¹²³⁴Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for National Park borough, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 7, 2012.
30. ^¹²³⁴DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 - Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for National Park borough, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 7, 2012.
31. ^¹2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 19.
32. ^Cerra, Michael F. "Forms of Government: Everything You've Always Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask", New Jersey State League of Municipalities. Accessed November 30, 2014.
33. ^"Forms of Municipal Government in New Jersey", p. 6. Rutgers University Center for Government Studies. Accessed June 3, 2015.
34. ^¹Mayor and Council, Borough of National Park. Accessed July 6, 2016.
35. ^2016 Municipal User Friendly Budget, Borough of National Park. Accessed July 6, 2016.
36. ^Gloucester County 2016 Official Directory, Gloucester County, New Jersey. Accessed July 5, 2016.
37. ^General Election November 3, 2015 Unofficial Results, Gloucester County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 9, 2015. Accessed July 5, 2016.
38. ^¹2014 General Election Unofficial Results, Gloucester County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 13, 2014. Accessed July 5, 2016.
39. ^2013 General Election November 5, 2013 Summary Report Gloucester County, Gloucester County, New Jersey Clerk, updated March 10, 2014. Accessed July 5, 2016.
40. ^Laday, Jason. "National Park swears in new council member following resignation", South Jersey Times, August 16, 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014. "Mayor Mark Cooper on Wednesday swore in newly-appointed Councilwoman Joy Hibbs, replacing Dennis Mehaffey, who has resigned from the borough council."
41. ^Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed January 6, 2013.
42. ^¹²³Municipalities Grouped by 2011-2020 Legislative Districts, New Jersey Department of State, p. 2. Accessed January 6, 2013.
43. ^2017 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, p. 61, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed May 30, 2017.
44. ^Districts by Number for 2011-2020, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 6, 2013.
45. ^Voter Registration Summary - Gloucester, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed November 7, 2012.
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012-results/2012-presidential-gloucester.pdf |title=Presidential General Election Results - November 6, 2012 - Gloucester County |date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections |accessdate=December 24, 2014}}
47. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012-results/2012-ballotscast-gloucester.pdf |title=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 6, 2012 - General Election Results - Gloucester County|date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections |accessdate=December 24, 2014}}
48. ^2008 Presidential General Election Results: Gloucester County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed November 7, 2012.
49. ^2004 Presidential Election: Gloucester County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed November 7, 2012.
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-results-governor-gloucester.pdf |title=Governor - Gloucester County |date=January 29, 2014 |publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections |accessdate=December 24, 2014}}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2013-results/2013-general-election-ballotscast-gloucester.pdf |title=Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5, 2013 - General Election Results - Gloucester County|date=January 29, 2014 |publisher=New Jersey Department of Elections |accessdate=December 24, 2014}}
52. ^2009 Governor: Gloucester County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed November 7, 2012.
53. ^District information for National Park Boro School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed December 7, 2016.
54. ^Gateway Regional High School District 2015 School Report Card Narrative, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed June 8, 2016. "Gateway Regional High School is a one school district located in Woodbury Heights, NJ. It serves students in grades 7-12 from the municipalities of National Park, Wenonah, Westville, and Woodbury Heights."
55. ^Shryock, Bob. "Plans are in the works for Gateway's 50th anniversary", Gloucester County Times, March 22, 2012. Accessed June 8, 2016. "The 50-year milestone is based on Gateway opening in the fall of 2014 when four sending districts (Woodbury Heights, Westville, National Park and Wenonah) split from Woodbury and sent seventh, eighth and ninth graders to the new school on Egg Harbor Road in Woodbury Heights."
56. ^School data for Gateway Regional High School, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed December 12, 2016.
57. ^Gloucester County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed July 18, 2014.
58. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20100726170647/http://www.njtransit.com/sf/sf_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=BusRoutesGloucesterCountyTo Gloucester County Bus / Rail Connections], NJ Transit, backed up by the Internet Archive as of July 26, 2010. Accessed November 7, 2012.
59. ^South Jersey Transit Guide, Cross County Connection, as of April 1, 2010. Accessed October 6, 2014.
60. ^Nark, Jason. "Nick Gage, jailed icon of violent wrestling, speaks of drugs & bank heist", The Philadelphia Inquirer, January 8, 2011. Accessed January 7, 2015. "Wilson, who grew up in National Park, Gloucester County, but had been living in Camden recently, said that he and his ultraviolent alter ego are different people."
61. ^Mishak, Michael. [https://lasvegassun.com/news/2010/apr/04/many-fronts-lowdens-fight/ "Many fronts in Sue Lowden’s fight; Before she faces formidable Reid, she must prevail in big primary field. So she’s reaching out to disparate voter blocs"], Las Vegas Sun, April 4, 2010. Accessed November 19, 2017. "To be sure, Lowden has decidedly humble roots. Her grandparents were Lithuanian immigrants who worked in Pennsylvania coal mines. She grew up in the small town of National Park, N.J., and was raised by a single mother."