“Walter Weizel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Walter Friedrich Karl Weizel (1 August 1901 in Lauterecken – 6 August 1982) was a German theoretical physicist and politician. As a result of his opposition to National Socialism in Germany, he was forced into early retirement for a short duration in 1933. He was a full professor at the University of Bonn, from 1936 to 1969. After World War II, he helped to establish the Jülich Research Center, and he was a state representative of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

Education

From 1918 to 1925, Weizel studied chemistry at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. He received his doctorate in physical chemistry at Heidelberg, under Max Trautz. He switched form chemistry to physics to work on the quantum mechanics of molecules as a fellow of the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (NG; Emergency Association of German Science) at the Universität Rostock. He completed his Habilitation in 1929.^[1]

Career

After Habilitation, Weizel worked briefly at Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF, Baden Aniline and Soda Factory) at Ludwigshafen. Then, during 1931, he had a Rockefeller fellowship to the University of Chicago.^[1]^[2]

From late in 1931, Weizel was an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) of theoretical physics at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe (today, the University of Karlsruhe). After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Weizel was temporarily forced into retirement due to his opposition to National Socialism. In 1936, he was called from the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe to an ordinarius professorship at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.^[1]^[3]

On 1 December 1939, after more than four years of a selections process, due to academic and political differences between the Munich Faculty and both the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Education Ministry) and the supporters of deutsche Physik, Wilhelm Carl Gottlieb Müller was selected to succeed Arnold Sommerfeld in the chair for theoretical physics at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Müller was a supporter of deutsche Physik, which was anti-Semitic and had a bias against theoretical physics, especially quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. The appointment of Wilhelm Müller – who was not a theoretical physicist, had not published in a physics journal, and was not a member of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft ^[4] – as a replacement for Sommerfeld, was considered such a travesty and detrimental to educating a new generation of physicists that both Ludwig Prandtl, director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Strömungsforschung (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Flow Research), and Carl Ramsauer, director of the research division of the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (General Electric Company) and president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, made reference to this in their correspondence to officials in the Reich. In an attachment to Prandtl’s 28 April 1941 letter to Reich Marshal Hermann Göring, Prandtl referred to the appointment as “sabotage” of necessary theoretical physics instruction.^[5] In an attachment to Ramsauer’s 20 January 1942 letter to Reich Minister Bernhard Rust, Ramsauer concluded that the appointment amounted to the “destruction of the Munich theoretical physics tradition.”^[6]^[7]^[8] When Müller, as editor, published the document Jüdische und deutsche Physik, Weizel published a very critical review of the booklet pointing out its inconsistencies; his review had the support of the Faculty of Science and Mathematics at the University of Bonn.^[9]^[10]^[11]

After World War II, Weizel focused his scientific research on the physics of electrical discharges in gases. He was involved in the establishment of the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Jülich Research Center). Also after World War II, he was a representative of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD, Social Democratic Party of Germany). From 1946 to 1954 he was a Bonn city delegate, and from 1948 to 1954 he was deputy SPD chairman of the Council of the City of Bonn. From 14 July 1954 to 12 July 1958, he was a member of the Landtag (State Diet) of North Rhine-Westphalia. Weizel held his professorship at the University of Bonn until he reached emeritus status in 1969.^[1]^[12]^[13]

Selected literature by Weizel

Books by Weizel

Bibliography

References

1. ^¹²³Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Weizel.
2. ^Walter Weizel The Broadening of the Resonance Atomic Line of Helium, Phys. Rev. Volume 38, 642 - 645 (1931). Received 12 June 1931. Institutional affiliation: Ryerson Physical Laboratory, University of Chicago. The author was cited as being a Fellow of the Rockfeller Foundation.
3. ^John Bryant An Interview with Edward M. Purcell IEEE History Center(14 June 1991)
4. ^Beyerchen, 1977, p. 166.
5. ^Hentschel, 1996, p. 265. Document #85 in Hentschel, 1996, pp. 261-266.
6. ^Hentschel, 1996, p. 291. Document #93 in Hentschel, 1996, pp. 290-292.
7. ^Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see entries for Carl Ramsauer and Ludwig Parndtl.
8. ^Beyerchen, 1977, 153-167.
9. ^Walter Weizel review of Wilhelm Müller, editor Jüdische und Deutsche Physik. Vorträger zur Eröffnung des Kolloquiums für theoretische Physik an der Universität München (Helingsche Verlagsanstalt, 1941) in Zeitschrift für Technische Physik Volume 23, Number 1, p. 25 (January, 1942). The document was translated and published as 89. Walter Weizel: Review of ‘Jewish and German Physics’ [January 1942] in Klaus Hentschel (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) pp. 276-277.
10. ^Beyerchen, 1977, 259n68.
11. ^Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 276n2.
12. ^The history of physics and astronomy - Universität Bonn
13. ^Detailansicht des Abgeordneten Prof. Dr. Walter Weizel – Landtag NRW