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词条 National Security Advisor (United States)
释义

  1. Role

  2. History

  3. List of National Security Advisors

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}{{Infobox US Cabinet
|post = Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
|insignia = US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg
|insigniasize = 167
|image = John R. Bolton official photo (cropped).jpg
|incumbent = John R. Bolton
|incumbentsince = April 9, 2018
|department = Executive Office of the President
National Security Council
|appointer = The President of the United States
|reports_to = The President of the United States
|constituting_instrument = The post is defined by the current directive (National Security Presidential Memorandum–4[1]) defining the work of the National Security Council.
|first = Robert Cutler
|formation = 1953
|deputy = Deputy National Security Advisor
|website = {{url|www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/|White House website}}
}}

The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), commonly referred to as the National Security Advisor (NSA) or at times informally termed the NSC Advisor,[2][3] is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President, based at the West Wing of the White House, who serves as the chief in-house advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues. The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President and does not require confirmation by the Senate,[4] but an appointment of a three or four-star general to the role requires Senate reconfirmation of military rank.[5]

The National Security Advisor participates in meetings of the National Security Council (NSC) and usually chairs meetings of the Principals Committee of the NSC with the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense (the meetings not attended by the President). The National Security Advisor is supported by NSC staff who produce research and briefings for the National Security Advisor to review and present, either to the National Security Council or directly to the President.

Role

The influence and role of the National Security Advisor varies from administration to administration and depends not only on the qualities of the person appointed to the position, but also on the style and management philosophy of the incumbent President.[6] Ideally, the National Security Advisor serves as an honest broker of policy options for the President in the field of national security, rather than as an advocate for his or her own policy agenda.[7]

However, the National Security Advisor is a staff position in the Executive Office of the President and does not have line or budget authority over either the Department of State or the Department of Defense, unlike the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense, who are Senate-confirmed officials with statutory authority over their departments;[8] but the National Security Advisor is able to offer daily advice (due to the proximity) to the President independently of the vested interests of the large bureaucracies and clientele of those departments.[6]

In times of crisis, the National Security Advisor is likely to operate from the White House Situation Room or the Presidential Emergency Operations Center (as on September 11, 2001[9]), updating the President on the latest events in a crisis situation.

History

The National Security Council was created at the start of the Cold War under the National Security Act of 1947 to coordinate defense, foreign affairs, international economic policy, and intelligence; this was part of a large reorganization that saw the creation of the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency.[11][10] The Act did not create the position of the National Security Advisor per se, but it did create an executive secretary in charge of the staff. In 1949, the NSC became part of the Executive Office of the President.[11]

Robert Cutler was the first National Security Advisor in 1953. The system has remained largely unchanged since then, particularly since President John Kennedy, with powerful National Security Advisors and strong staff but a lower importance given to formal NSC meetings. This continuity persists despite the tendency of each new president to replace the advisor and senior NSC staff.[11]

President Richard Nixon's National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, enhanced the importance of the role, controlling the flow of information to the President and meeting him multiple times per day. Kissinger also holds the distinction of serving as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State at the same time from September 22, 1973, until November 3, 1975.[11][10]

List of National Security Advisors

No.PortraitNameTerm of office[12]President(s) served under
StartEndDays
1Robert Cutler (1895–1974)March 23, 1953April 2, 1955740Dwight D. Eisenhower
2Dillon Anderson (1906–1974)April 2, 1955September 1, 1956519
3William H. Jackson (1901–1971)[13]September 1, 1956January 7, 1957128
4Robert Cutler (1895–1974)January 7, 1957June 24, 1958533
5Gordon Gray (1909–1982)June 24, 1958January 13, 1961934
6McGeorge Bundy (1919–1996)January 20, 1961February 28, 19661865John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
7Walt W. Rostow (1916–2003)April 1, 1966January 20, 19691025
8Henry Kissinger (1923–)January 20, 1969November 3, 19752478Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
9Brent Scowcroft (1925–)November 3, 1975January 20, 1977444
10Zbigniew Brzezinski (1928–2017)January 20, 1977January 20, 19811461Jimmy Carter
11Richard V. Allen (1936–)January 21, 1981January 4, 1982348Ronald Reagan
12William P. Clark, Jr. (1931–2013)January 4, 1982October 17, 1983651
13Robert McFarlane (1937–)October 17, 1983December 4, 1985779
14John Poindexter (1936–)December 4, 1985November 25, 1986356
15Frank Carlucci (1930–2018)December 2, 1986November 23, 1987356
16Colin Powell (1937–)November 23, 1987January 20, 1989424
17Brent Scowcroft (1925–)January 20, 1989January 20, 19931461George H. W. Bush
18Anthony Lake (1939–)January 20, 1993March 14, 19971514Bill Clinton
19Sandy Berger (1945–2015)March 14, 1997January 20, 20011408
20Condoleezza Rice (1954–)January 22, 2001[14]January 25, 2005[14]1464George W. Bush
21Stephen Hadley (1947–)January 26, 2005[14]January 20, 20091455
22James Jones (1943–)[15]January 20, 2009October 8, 2010626Barack Obama
23Tom Donilon (1955–)[16]October 8, 2010July 1, 2013[17]997
24Susan Rice (1964–)[17]July 1, 2013[17]January 20, 20171299
25Michael Flynn (1958–)January 20, 2017February 13, 201724Donald Trump
ActingKeith Kellogg (1944–)February 13, 2017February 20, 20177
26H. R. McMaster (1962–)February 20, 2017April 9, 20182017|2|20|2018|4|8}}
27John R. Bolton (1948–)April 9, 2018present2018|4|8}}
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes acting}}

Brent Scowcroft is the only person to have held the job in two non-consecutive administrations: in the Ford administration and in the G.H.W. Bush administration. Robert Cutler also held the job twice, both times during the Eisenhower administration. Henry Kissinger holds the record for longest term of service (2,478 days). Michael Flynn holds the record for shortest term of service (24 days).

Three and four-star generals require Senate confirmation due to the statutory nature requiring Congress to appoint their military rank.[5] The prior National Security Adviser, H. R. McMaster, is a three-star lieutenant general and his military rank was reconfirmed by the Senate on March 15, 2017.[18][19] On Thursday, March 22, 2018, President Donald Trump announced, via Twitter, that McMaster would be replaced as the National Security Advisor by former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations John R. Bolton, effective April 9, 2018.[20]

See also

  • White House Chief of Staff
  • Homeland Security Council
  • Homeland Security Advisor

References

{{Cite book
|title = 2009-02: The National Security Advisor and Staff
|publisher = WhiteHouseTransitionProject.org
|url = http://whitehousetransitionproject.org/resources/briefing/WHTP-2009-02-National%20Security%20Advisor.pdf
|date = 2009
|ref = TNSAaS }}
1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-04-06/pdf/2017-07064.pdf#page=4|title=National Security Presidential Memorandum–4 of April 4, 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
2. ^The National Security Advisor and Staff: p. 1.
3. ^Abbreviated NSA, or sometimes APNSA or ANSA in order to avoid confusion with the abbreviation of the National Security Agency.
4. ^The National Security Advisor and Staff: p. 29.
5. ^1 {{Cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mcmaster-will-need-senate-confirmation-to-serve-as-national-security-adviser/|title=McMaster will need Senate confirmation to serve as national security adviser|access-date=March 12, 2017|language=en|deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301015417/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mcmaster-will-need-senate-confirmation-to-serve-as-national-security-adviser/|archivedate=March 1, 2017|df=}}
6. ^1 The National Security Advisor and Staff: pp. 17-21.
7. ^The National Security Advisor and Staff: pp. 10-14.
8. ^See {{UnitedStatesCode|22|2651}} for the Secretary of State and {{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}} for the Secretary of Defense.
9. ^{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Richard A. |authorlink=Richard A. Clarke|title=Against All Enemies|publisher=Free Press|year=2004|location=New York|page=18 |isbn=0-7432-6024-4}}
10. ^1 {{cite book |last=Schmitz|first=David F.|title=Brent Scowcroft: Internationalism and Post-Vietnam War American Foreign Policy|year=2011 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|pages=2–3}}
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=George|first=Robert Z|title=The National Security Enterprise: Navigating the Labyrinth|year=2011 |publisher=Georgetown University Press|page=32|author2=Harvey Rishikof}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/history.html|title= History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997|accessdate=September 5, 2008|date=August 1997 |work=National Security Council |publisher=White House|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306081817/http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/history.html |archivedate=March 6, 2008}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=John P.|title=Honest Broker?: The National Security Advisor and Presidential Decision Making|date=2009|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=9781603441025|page=[https://books.google.no/books?id=VSJjFMe671oC&pg=PA26 26]|language=en}}
14. ^1 2 The National Security Advisor and Staff: p. 33.
15. ^{{cite press release |accessdate = December 1, 2008 |url = http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |title = Key members of Obama-Biden national security team announced |date = December 1, 2008 |publisher = The Office of the President Elect |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201182614/http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |archivedate = December 1, 2008 |df = }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/10/08/obama.jones.replacement|title=Donilon to replace Jones as national security adviser|accessdate=October 8, 2010|date=October 2010|work=|publisher=CNN|pages=|doi=|quote=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108190555/http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/10/08/obama.jones.replacement/|archivedate=November 8, 2012|df=}}
17. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=National security team shuffle may signal more activist stance at White House |author=Scott Wilson and Colum Lynch |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/tom-donilon-resigning-as-national-security-adviser-susan-rice-to-replace-him/2013/06/05/b296f36a-cdd3-11e2-8f6b-67f40e176f03_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |date=June 5, 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025180729/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/tom-donilon-resigning-as-national-security-adviser-susan-rice-to-replace-him/2013/06/05/b296f36a-cdd3-11e2-8f6b-67f40e176f03_story.html |archivedate=October 25, 2017 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite news|last=Tritten |first=Travis J.|date=March 7, 2017|title=Senate panel gives nod to McMaster's 3-star status |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/us/senate-panel-gives-nod-to-mcmaster-s-3-star-status-1.457402#.WL9-yvkrLIU|work=Stars and Stripes|location=Washington, D.C.|deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307225821/https://www.stripes.com/news/us/senate-panel-gives-nod-to-mcmaster-s-3-star-status-1.457402#.WL9-yvkrLIU|archivedate=March 7, 2017|df=}}
19. ^{{cite news |last=Tritten |first=Travis J. |date=March 15, 2017 |title=Senate vote allows McMaster to retain 3 stars as Trump adviser |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/senate-vote-allows-mcmaster-to-retain-3-stars-as-trump-adviser-1.458843 |work=Stars and Stripes |location=Washington, D.C. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315235400/http://www.stripes.com/news/senate-vote-allows-mcmaster-to-retain-3-stars-as-trump-adviser-1.458843 |archivedate=March 15, 2017 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web|title=National Security Adviser H. R. McMaster to resign, replaced by former U.N. Ambassador John Bolton|url=http://www.wlwt.com/article/national-security-adviser-gen-h-r-mcmaster-to-resign-replaced-by-former-un-ambassador-john-bolton/19567274|website=WLWT|accessdate=March 22, 2018|language=en|date=March 22, 2018}}

External links

  • [https://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc www.whitehouse.gov/nsc]
{{NSAA}}{{DEFAULTSORT:National Security Advisor}}

2 : Assistants to the President of the United States|United States National Security Council
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