| 词条 | National Security Council (Pakistan) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| agency_name =National Security Council {{Nastaliq|قومی سلامتی کونسل}} | type = | nativename = | nativename_a = | nativename_r = | seal = | seal_width = | seal_caption = | logo = | logo_width = | logo_caption = | picture =Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg | picture_width =280px | picture_caption = | formed = {{Start date and age|1969|03|25}}[1] Successive periods {{small|1969–72}} {{small|1985–90}} {{small|1998-1999}} {{small|2004-2008}} {{small|2013-Present}} | preceding1 = | preceding2 = | dissolved = | superseding = | agency_type = | jurisdiction = | headquarters =Prime Minister's Office | coordinates = | motto = | employees = | budget = | minister1_name = | minister1_pfo = | minister2_name = | minister2_pfo = | deputyminister1_name = | deputyminister1_pfo = | deputyminister2_name = | deputyminister2_pfo = | chief1_name =Imran Khan Prime Minister of Pakistan ({{small|Chairman}}) | chief1_position = | chief2_name = Iftikhar Babar [1] ({{small|Federal Secretary National Security Division}}) | chief2_position = | parent_department = | parent_agency = Prime Minister's Office | child1_agency = | child2_agency = | keydocument1 = | website = | map = | map_width = | map_caption = | footnotes = | embed = }} The National Security Council ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|قومی سلامتی کونسل}}}}) (reporting name: NSC) is a federal institutional and consultative body chaired by the Prime Minister of Pakistan as its chairman. The NSC is a principal forum that is mandated for considering national security and foreign policy matters with the senior national security advisers and Cabinet ministers.[1] The idea and inception of National Security Council was first conceived in 1969 under the President Yahya Khan, its functions were to advise and assist the president and prime minister on national security and foreign policies, since then,[1] however, this idea of this institution remains highly debatable and controversial in Pakistan's political science circles who argues that the NSC provides legal cover for expanding the role and influence of the military science circles in nation's public and political science affairs to subdue the popular democratic transitional process in the country.[1] The National Security Council was re-created by then-President and former General Pervez Musharraf in April 2004 under the National Security Council Act. Although, the NSC remains to as a statutory body, the National Security Council is not active since 2008, and the Defence Committee of the Cabinet is fulfilling the role and purpose of the NSC.[6] The first National Security Adviser was Tariq Aziz who was appointed in 2004 and was preceded by Major-General (retired) Mahmud Durrani in 2008.[6] Since Durrani's deposing by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2009, there has been no appointed new NSC adviser since then.[2] The NSC was abandoned by the government of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), with a unified confirmations from the Parliament, and its functions has been taken under control by the Defence Cabinet Committee as of 2009.[3] The council was revived under Nawaz Sharif, who presides over meetings of the council when there is an emergency, such as hostilities between India and Pakistan, or a chance to discuss events related to the insurgency.[4][5] StructureFormer Constitution BasisThe Constitution of Pakistan in the past provided for the National Security Council however the provision was repealed by the 18th Amendment. Permanent Officiates{{Main|Cabinet Committee on National Security|Economic Coordination Committee}}The membership position does not depend on the will of the chairman, who is the elected Prime Minister of Pakistan.[12] Depending on the agenda of the meeting, other concerned persons are also invited in the meeting of the NSC.[6] Structure of the Pakistan National Security Council
The usual cabinet-level meetings at the NSC takes the following agenda and members of the following authorities are usually invited:
FunctionsThe Council serves as a forum for consultation for the president and the federal government on matters of national security including the sovereignty, integrity, defence, and security of the State and crisis management in general. It may also formulate recommendations to the president and the federal government in such matters. National Security Advisers{{Main|National Security Advisor (Pakistan)}}
HistoryInception:1969-1971The Pakistan military has been sending many recommendations for the establishment of the National Security Council as akin and counterpart to the American National Security Council.[3] A comprehensive report on NSC was written and submitted by the Chief of Naval Staff, Vice Admiral S.M. Ahsan in 1968.[3] Admiral Ahsan submitted his handwritten report to President Yahya Khan's staff in Islamabad in 1969 and emphasized support for the establishment of the military dominated national security council composed of senior civil and military officials who would advise the government on national security issues and propose strategies to overcome the challenges involving the foreign policy matters.[3] The proposal was forwarded to President Office, and then to President Yahya Khan with strong recommendations for its approval.[3] In 1969, President Yahya Khan established the National Security Council, after signing and issuing the presidential decree to establish this consultative institution. Major-General Ghulam Omar was appointed NSC's first secretary and was posted at the General Headquarters (GHQ) to perform operations of NSC under President Yahya Khan.[3] The NSC secretariat was part of the President Office and the Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) and was directly under the control of the military establishment which then-functioned under President Yahya Khan's staff.[3] The NSC secretariat was highly unpopular in public and political circles of Pakistan, and it quickly gained notoriety in civil society due to its involvement in political and civilian affairs.[3] The NSC secretariat did not figure in the decision-making of the military government because President Yahya Khan ran his government administration as personalized enterprise relaying heavily on his close and trusted military and bureaucratic advisers.[3] The NSC Secretary, Major-General Ghulam Omar, was less focused on national issues whilst kept his interest in combat development. The NSC Secretariat under Yahya Khan was only a paper organization.[3] The Genesis: 1985-19991998 NSC Debates on Nuclear tests
The concept of National Security Council as a bridge of stabilizing the civil-military relations has always been favoured by the military spectrum of Pakistan since 1971.[2] In 1973, Pakistan military has sent repeated recommendations of peculiar structure of the NSC in which senior military commanders of Pakistan Armed Forces are ensured a seat at the table.[2] The proposal was met with heated criticism in the state parliament and Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto instead issued a white paper on Higher Defence Organisations (HDO) in May 1976, outlining the institutional arrangements for dealing with defence and security affairs. This led the ultimate creation of the Defence Committee of the Cabinet (DCC) which has the mandate of responsibility of national defence rested with the prime minister. The DCC conveys matters to other important organisations involved in the national security decision-making on security affairs included the Ministry of Defence (MoD), the JS HQ of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and its Chairman, the Chiefs of Staff of the Pakistan Armed Forces.[2]After the enactment of the martial law by chief of army staff General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977, the DCC had remained active. After holding successful referendum, followed by non-partisan general elections in 1985, President General Zia-ul-Haq authored and inserted Article 152-A to the Constitution through the Revival of the Constitution Order (RCO), in March 1985.[2] This led the establish a National Security Council for accommodating the high-ranking military leadership in policy making.[2] The NSC was empowered to "make recommendations relating to the issue of a Proclamation of Emergency under Article 232, security of Pakistan and any other matter of national importance that may be referred to it by the President in consultation with the Prime Minister."[2] The NSC was opposed by most political circles and it had to be dropped as a part of the deal with the Parliament to get the parliamentary approval for the revised version of the Revival of the Constitution Order (RCO) as Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, in October 1985.[2] The NSC was dissolved by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993 and reactivated the DCC operationalize in its place.[2] From 1998–99, there were only two NSC meetings took place which were chaired by the Prime Minister Sharif; first occasion when Sharif ordered Pakistan's nuclear tests in response to India's tests, as part of his tit-for-tat policy.[19] At the NSC cabinet meeting, the Pakistani government, military, scientific, and civilian officials were participating in a debate, broadening, and complicating the decision-making process.[19] Although, General Karamat debated towards presenting the national security and military point of view, the final decision was left on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's say.[19] After the decision was made, General Karamat was notified of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's decision and asked the military to be stand-by orders. After providing the joint military logistics, the nuclear tests were eventually carried out on 28 May 1998, as Chagai-I, and on 30 May 1998 as codename: Chagai-II.[20] As dawn broke over the Chagai mountains, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power.[21] Secondly, the NSC meeting took place during the heights of the Kargil War in 1999. Empowerment of the NSC at the bureaucratic level was the primary issue that led to the forced relieve of Chairman Joint Chiefs General Jehangir Karamat in 1998.[22] In an absence of the forum, the upheavals in civil–military relations led to the dismissal of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999 when he tried to dismissed then-Chairman Joint Chiefs Pervez Musharraf.[23] Reconstruction and developments: 2004-20082007 NSC Debates on Lal Masjid
After staging a coup d'état against the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999, Chairman joint chiefs Pervez Musharraf announced the establishment of six member national security council in his first television speech. Through a presidential act, the concept of NSC was formally established under an order of the chief executive on 30 October 1999.[25] The presidential order also led the establishment of the National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) as a think tank.[2] Although NRB gained quick constitutional establishment in 2000 the NSC's constitutional establishment did not really took off due to political consensus over the establishment of this institution. Finally in 2004, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz presented the National Security Council through an Act of Parliament and succeeded in constitutionally establishing the NSC for the first time in April 2004. Originally the NSC bill proposed that the NSC would also deal with the "matters relating to democracy, governance, and inter-provincial harmony."[2] This sentence was later controversially replaced by President Musharraf with "crisis management" without explaining its operational.[2] President and Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf created the office in Aiwan-e-Sadr, and appoint civil bureaucrat Tariq Aziz as the first National Security Advisor.[2] According to PILDT, since its reestablishment, Musharraf conveyed very few national security meetings, and most meetings were conducted to discuss political situations only. He resigned from the post of NSC secretariat when Musharraf resigned from presidency on 18 August 2008. He was succeeded by Mahmud Ali Durrani as the second National Security Advisor, directly reporting to the Prime minister Secretariat. Durrani was notably deposed by the Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani in January 2009 for "not consulting the Prime Minister while giving statements on foreign relation matters". The matter in question was the acceptance by the Government of Pakistan of the Pakistani nationality of the sole surviving terrorist Ajmal Kasab, who was involved in the 2008 Mumbai attacks and was in the custody of the Mumbai police. Abolition and suspension (2008-2009)After the incident, Prime Minister Gillani vowed to abolish the National Security Council in February 2009.[2] The NSC remains to stay as statue on the constitution, however, the NSC secretariat is not active since 2008, but instead the Defence Committee of the Cabinet is re-activated in its place by the current government.[2] Since 2009, there has been no appointed new NSC adviser and no national security meetings have been conducted since then.[2] Its operations and mandate has been integrated to the DCC meeting, and there has been ninth DCC meeting taken place since 2009.[2] Restorative status (2013-Present)Upon conclusion of the general elections in 2013, the PML(N)'s strategists indicated the restoration of the NSC to the news media. On immediate basis, Prime Minister Sharif appointed Sartaj Aziz as National Security Advisor (NSA).[26] On 9 September 2013, Prime Minister Sharif proposed that dialogue with the Pakistani military would create a civil-military partnership, putting the military and an elected government on the same page for the first time in Pakistan's history.[27] After reconstituting the Cabinet Committee on National Security (C2NS), with military gaining representation in the country's politics, the NSC came into effect as an influential policy institution.[28] Decision came from Prime Minister Sharif to reconstitute the NSC to improve coordination between the civil and military institutions in order to deal with a nagging far-right insurgency that has killed and maimed thousands of Pakistanis over the last few years.[10] According to the political scientist and civic-military relations expert, Aqil Shah, Sharif finally did what exactly former chairman joint chiefs General Karamat had called for in 1998.[28] Since then, the NSC meetings with Prime Minister Sharif have been taking place frequently.[4] Public debates and criticism{{Main|Civilian control of the military}}The concept and idea of NSC has been roundly and widely criticized by the influential left-wing politicians and leading political parties in the country. It is noted by Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency (PILDT) that the NSC only employs the retired military officers and elite civilian bureaucrats— generally who are close to the military leadership.[3] The political parties argues that the military sphere should be formally inducted into the policy making structure because of the role it has acquired as internal policy making and security.[3] Most political parties and leaders takes a strong exception to the setting of an institution akin to NSC because it is viewed as expanding the constitutional role and legal cover for the military sphere in national affairs.[3] This streghthens the military science circles role in public policy rather than trimming them, the political parties argues.[3] However, the political parties are in favor of strengthening and expanding the role of Defence Committee of Cabinet (DCC) and various parliamentary standing committees that deals with defense and security affairs.[3] The major political science circles bitterly oppose the idea of NSC ever since its inception in 1969, as they argue that the NSC created the legal base for the military science circle to expand its interference and involvement in state's public policy affairs.[3] Pakistan's political science circles maintains that NSC provides "such military dominated environment" that was not conductive to the development of autonomous civilian institutions and process.[3] Hence, the military science circle would continue to overshadow the democratic and political science circle in the process of making public policies.[3] Since its recreation in 2004, the NSC was bitterly criticised by the influential political science circles of the country.[3] In May 2006, the Charter of Democracy called for the dissolving of NSC and disbandment of the idea of NSC in country's military science circles.[3] In 2008, the Pakistan Peoples Party deactivated the NSC, in an attempt to replace.[3] After making constitutional adjustments, Sharif revived the NSC secretariat in 2013.[29] See also
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I am Rebel) ىاں! ميں باغىى ہوں|date=2005|publisher=Sager Publication|location=Lahore, Pun. Pakistan |pages=409 |edition=1st |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/23302483/Haan-Main-Baghi-Hoon-By-Javed-Hashmi#|accessdate=22 May 2018|language=en|format=scribd |chapter= My Father and Pakistan Movement}} 19. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Schaffer|first1=Howard B.|last2=Schaffer|first2=Teresita C.|title=How Pakistan negotiates with the United States : riding the roller coaster|date=2011|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=1601270755|url=https://books.google.com/?id=axT9i-FhO0UC&pg=PA103&dq=Jehangir+Karamat#v=onepage&q=Jehangir%20Karamat&f=true|accessdate=7 January 2015|chapter=§Pakistan's politicians}} 20. ^{{cite news|last1=Azam|first1=Rai Muhammad Saleh|title=When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm|accessdate=7 January 2015|work=Article written by RMS Azam ives a detailed account of events and personalities leading to Pakistan first nuclear explosion|agency=The Nation, 1998|publisher=The Nation, 1998|date=2 June 2000|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181303/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm|archivedate=1 April 2012|df=}} 21. ^{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan eye of the storm|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.|isbn=0300101473|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&pg=PA193&dq=Karamat+Chagai#v=onepage&q=Karamat%20Chagai&f=false|accessdate=7 January 2015}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Jaisingh|first1=Hari|title=Beleaguered Sharif wins first round|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/head5.htm|accessdate=7 January 2015|agency=Tribune India|publisher=Tribune India, 1998|date=9 October 1998|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114164523/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/head5.htm|archivedate=14 January 2015|df=}} 23. ^{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen Philip|title=The idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press, 2004|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0815797613|edition=1st pbk.|accessdate=7 January 2015|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-78yjVybQfkC&pg=PA150&dq=Jehangir+Karamat+National+Security+Council#v=onepage&q=Jehangir%20Karamat%20National%20Security%20Council&f=true}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite news|last1=GEO News|title=Important events coverage by GEO TV|url=http://www.geo.tv/important_events/lalmasjid/pages/english_news.asp|accessdate=15 January 2015|agency=GEO News|publisher=GEO News, 2007|date=31 July 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225022318/http://www.geo.tv/important_events/lalmasjid/pages/english_news.asp|archivedate=25 December 2014|df=}} 25. ^{{cite book|last1=Dutt|first1=Sanjay|title=Inside Pakistan : 52 years outlook|date=2000|publisher=APH Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176481572}} 26. ^{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Hanif|title=Cabinet appointed by Sharif|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-08/dar-appointed-pakistan-s-finance-minister-as-growth-falters.html|accessdate=10 January 2015|agency=Bloomberg|publisher=Bloomberg, 2013|date=7 June 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006194910/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-08/dar-appointed-pakistan-s-finance-minister-as-growth-falters.html|archivedate=6 October 2014|df=}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/nawaz-sharif-chairs-all-party-meeting-113090900192_1.html|title=Nawaz Sharif chairs All Party Meeting|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=9 September 2013|publisher=|accessdate=4 May 2018|via=Business Standard|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023012153/http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/nawaz-sharif-chairs-all-party-meeting-113090900192_1.html|archivedate=23 October 2017|df=}} 28. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Armed Forces and Democracy|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Harvard, U.S|isbn=0674419774|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285&dq=Jehangir+Karamat+National+Security+Council#v=onepage&q=Jehangir%20Karamat%20National%20Security%20Council&f=false|accessdate=7 January 2015|chapter=Conclusion}} 29. ^{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Sumaira |date=22 August 2013 |title=Battling militancy: Govt revives National Security Council |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/594103/battling-militancy-govt-revives-national-security-council/ |newspaper=Express Tribune |access-date=10 September 2018}} Additional works on NSC
Constitutional analysis
Bibliography
External links
12 : Political history of Pakistan|National security councils|1969 establishments in Pakistan|1972 disestablishments in Pakistan|1985 establishments in Pakistan|1990 disestablishments in Pakistan|2004 establishments in Pakistan|2008 disestablishments in Pakistan|2013 establishments in Pakistan|History of the foreign relations of Pakistan|Pakistan federal departments and agencies|Pakistani intelligence agencies |
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