| 词条 | Ward Body Works | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox company | name = Ward Body Works | logo = | type = Family-owned | genre = | fate = Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Re-organized as American Transportation Corporation | predecessor = | successor = American Transportation Corporation (AmTran) | foundation = 1933 | founder = D.H. Ward | defunct = 1980, (company) 1992, (brand by successor AmTran from 1980-1992) | location_city = Conway, Arkansas | location_country = | location = | locations = 2 (Conway, Arkansas and Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania) | area_served = North America | key_people = | industry = Transportation | products = School Buses Commercial Buses | production = | services = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = | footnotes = | intl = }} Ward Body Works (also known as Ward Industries and Ward School Bus Manufacturing, Inc.) was a manufacturer specializing in school buses based in Conway, Arkansas. Ward filed for bankruptcy in 1980, and its successor, AmTran, continued the use of the Ward brand on its school buses until 1992. In 1991, AmTran was also acquired by Navistar International. HistoryD. H. "Dave" Ward founded Ward Body Works in Conway, Arkansas, in 1933 when he "lowered the roof of a wooden bus for Mr. Carl Brady of the Southside Schools". Southside Schools were located about 15 miles north of Conway.[1] A blacksmith by trade, Ward grew his business primarily on body repair of bus bodies in the area.[2] In 1936, he built his first complete school bus body. One of the first manufacturers of the time to use all-metal construction, the first school bus made by Ward Body Works featured removable safety-glass windows and perimeter and center-mounted seating.[2] In 1939, the company opened a 10,000 square-foot factory in Conway, Arkansas.[2] During World War II, along with supplying buses for the military, Ward built over 1000 different bodies of various types for the GMC CCKW cargo truck.[2] Following the war, the company became one of the first bus manufacturers to expand outside of the United States, opening a facility in Mexico City in 1947; bus bodies from Conway would be shipped to Mexico to be placed on chassis for use internationally.[2] To expand capacity inside the United States, a second facility was opened in Austin, Texas in 1951.[2][3] Despite expanding to 100,000 square feet, the original Ward factory in Conway was too small to keep up with demand; the company built an even larger factory outside of the city in 1954; at any given time, 45 bus bodies could be on the 1,500-foot-long assembly line, producing up to 100 complete buses weekly.[3] Later in the 1950s, the company moved beyond its school bus roots, adding mass-transit and sightseeing buses to its product lineup.[3] Due to importation issues, the Ward factory in Mexico was closed in 1954. In 1956, Ward became both a body manufacturer and an industry supplier, as the company created a subsidiary, C.S. Sash Company, which became a major aluminum window frame manufacturer for school buses.[2][3] In the 1960s, Ward School Bus Manufacturing, Inc. began a series of updates that would modernize manufacturing and production. To catalog the various state and local regulations affecting school bus specifications, in 1964, company owner Charles Ward set up a computer mainframe (using IBM 360s).[4] In the same year, Ward performed the first independent rollover test on a school bus, discovering issues related to structural integrity.[5] During 1967, the assembly line in the Conway facility was upgraded to a moving assembly line, a first in the bus industry.[5] In 1969, the recommendations from the crash test were published, finding that an inconsistent number of fasteners among manufacturers could lead to poor joint strength.[4] The findings would be used in part to government recommendations for school bus joint strength.[5] Following the 1968 retirement of Dave Ward, Ward Body Works remained a family-owned company, with son Charles Ward handling operations. During the 1970s, Ward would become one of the largest school bus body manufacturers in the United States, with the company holding a 25% market share in 1973.[6] In 1970, the Austin plant was replaced by an all-new facility in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. To expand into small buses, Ward purchased Texas-based manufacturer Coachette in 1973, moving their production into a separate facility in Conway.[3] Additionally, the assembly line at the main Conway facility was upgraded and connected to an IBM 370 mainframe, as the company explored computer-based manufacturing.[5] Coinciding with the new assembly line was the redesigned full-size conventional bus body, dubbed the Ward Volunteer. Aside from a redesigned windshield and the change in chassis suppliers, the Ward Volunteer shares many components with that of the IC Bus CE-Series produced today. Along with other school bus manufacturers, the late 1970s would prove to be a rough time for Ward, which had been renamed Ward School Bus Manufacturing, Inc. In 1975, the Pennsylvania plant was forced to close. A year later, Ward would produce a prototype for the first front-wheel drive full-size school bus, but the company was forced to abandon the project before it reached production. As Ward faced declining demand for school buses, the company was over $20 million in debt; in July 1980, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In August 1980, an investment group assisted by the then-Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton purchased the assets of Ward Industries. While the school buses would still bear the Ward name, the only interests that the Ward family would keep in the new company would be in vehicle distribution. By 1981, Ward was officially known as AmTran (American Transportation Corporation). Products
See also{{commons category|AmTran/Ward buses}}
References1. ^{{cite web|last=Mosby |first=Joe |url=http://thecabin.net/news/local/2009-11-07/ward-had-idea-and-ran-it |title=Ward had idea and ran with it | TheCabin.net - Conway, Arkansas |website=TheCabin.net |date=2009-11-06 |accessdate=2016-03-09}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title = Ward Body Works, Ward School Bus Mfg., IC Bus, Ward School Bus history, David H. Ward, Dave Ward, AmTran, Navistar, IC Corp., Conway, Arkansas - CoachBuilt.com|url = http://www.coachbuilt.com/bui/w/ward_body/ward_body.htm|website = Coachbuilt.com|accessdate = 2015-10-10}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url = http://honors.uca.edu/wiki/index.php/Dave_Ward|work = Frana Wiki|title = Dave Ward|accessdate = 3 December 2014}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.stnonline.com/resources/safety/related-articles/1360-the-history-of-school-transportation|title=The History of School Transportation|last=|first=|date=|website=Stnonline.com|publisher=|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100102064924/http://stnonline.com/resources/safety/related-articles/1360-the-history-of-school-transportation|archive-date=2010-01-02|dead-url=|accessdate=2016-03-09}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=http://honors.uca.edu/wiki/index.php/Ward_Body_Works | work=Frana Wiki | title=Ward Body Works | accessdate=3 December 2014}} 6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2153 | work=Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture | title=IC Corporation aka: Inc. Ward Transportation Services | accessdate=3 December 2014}} External links
4 : Navistar International|School buses|School bus manufacturers|1933 establishments in Arkansas |
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