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词条 National Statuary Hall Collection
释义

  1. History

  2. Demographics

     Women  American Indian members  Members of Hispanic descent  African-American members  Confederates   State gifts    Other statues of people    Allegorical or mythical sculptures  

  3. Replacement of statues

     Replacements  Replacement pending  Under consideration for replacement 

  4. References

  5. External links

{{short description|Collection of statues in the US Capitol of notable individuals from each state}}{{about|the collection of statues|the room where the majority, but not all, are located|National Statuary Hall}}{{See also|List of sculptures in the National Statuary Hall Collection}}

The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is composed of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. Limited to two statues per state, the collection was originally set up in the old Hall of the House of Representatives, which was then renamed National Statuary Hall. The expanding collection has since been spread throughout the Capitol and its Visitor's Center.

With the addition of New Mexico's second statue in 2005, the collection is now complete with 100 statues contributed by 50 states, plus one from the District of Columbia, plus one for all the states (Rosa Parks). Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, and Ohio have each replaced one of their first two statues after Congress authorized replacements in 2000.

History

The concept of a National Statuary Hall originated in the middle of the nineteenth century, before the completion of the present House wing in 1857. At that time, the House of Representatives moved into its new larger chamber and the old vacant chamber became a thoroughfare between the Rotunda and the House wing. Suggestions for the use of the chamber were made as early as 1853 by Gouverneur Kemble, a former member of the House, who pressed for its use as a gallery of historical paintings. The space between the columns seemed too limited for this purpose, but it was well suited for the display of busts and statuary.

On April 19, 1864, Representative Justin S. Morrill asked: "To what end more useful or grand, and at the same time simple and inexpensive, can we devote it [the Chamber] than to ordain that it shall be set apart for the reception of such statuary as each State shall elect to be deserving of in this lasting commemoration?" His proposal to create a National Statuary Hall became law on July 2, 1864:

{{quote|[...] the President is hereby authorized to invite each and all the States to provide and furnish statues, in marble or bronze, not exceeding two in number for each State, of deceased persons who have been citizens thereof, and illustrious for their historic renown or for distinguished civic or military services such as each State may deem to be worthy of this national commemoration; and when so furnished the same shall be placed in the Old Hall of the House of Representatives, in the Capitol of the United States, which is set apart, or so much thereof as may be necessary, as a national statuary hall for the purpose herein indicated.}}

Originally, all state statues were placed in National Statuary Hall. However, the aesthetic appearance of the Hall began to suffer from overcrowding until, in 1933, the situation became unbearable. At that time the Hall held 65 statues, which stood, in some cases, three deep. More important, the structure of the chamber would not support the weight of any more statues. Therefore, in 1933 Congress passed a resolution that:

{{quote|the Architect of the Capitol, upon the approval of the Joint Committee on the Library, with the advice of the Commission of Fine Arts, is hereby authorized and directed to relocate within the Capitol any of the statues already received and placed in Statuary Hall, and to provide for the reception and location of the statues received hereafter from the States.}}

Under authority of this resolution it was decided that only one statue from each state should be placed in Statuary Hall. The others would be given prominent locations in designated areas and corridors of the Capitol. A second rearrangement of the statues was made in 1976 by authorization of the Joint Committee on the Library. To improve the crowded appearance of the collection, thirty-eight statues were rearranged in Statuary Hall according to height and material. Statues representing ten of the thirteen original colonies were moved to the Central Hall of the East Front Extension on the first floor of the Capitol. The remainder of the statues were distributed throughout the Capitol, mainly in the Hall of Columns and the connecting corridors of the House and Senate wings. Legislation was introduced in 2005 that would authorize the collection to include one statue from each U.S. Territory, and another bill introduced in 2010 provides for participation by the District of Columbia. Neither passed.

Each statue is the gift of a state, not of an individual or group of citizens. Proceedings for the donation of a statue usually begin in the state legislature with the enactment of a resolution that names the citizen to be commemorated and cites his or her qualifications, specifies a committee or commission to represent the state in selecting the sculptor, and provides for a method of obtaining the necessary funds to carry the resolution into effect. In recent years, the statues have been unveiled during ceremonies in the Rotunda and displayed there for up to six months. They are then moved to a permanent location approved by the Joint Committee on the Library. An act of Congress ({{usc|2|2132}}), enacted in 2000, permits states to provide replacements and repossess the earlier one.

A special act of Congress, {{USPL|109|116}}, signed on December 1, 2005, directed the Joint Committee on the Library to obtain a statue of Rosa Parks and to place the statue in the United States Capitol in National Statuary Hall in a suitable permanent location. On February 27, 2013, Parks became the first African-American woman to have her likeness in the Hall.[1] Though located in Statuary Hall, Parks' statue is not part of the Collection; neither Alabama (her birth state) nor Michigan (where she lived most of her later years) commissioned it, and both states are represented in the Collection by other statues.

Demographics

Women

The collection currently includes representations of nine women:[2] Frances E. Willard, the first statue of a woman in the collection, was also sculpted by a woman, Helen Farnsworth Mears;[3] Helen Keller; Florence Sabin; Maria Sanford; Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to the House and, famously, the only Member of Congress to vote against U.S. entry into both World Wars; Sakakawea and Sarah Winnemucca, two of the six American Indians in the collection; Mother Joseph, a native of Canada; and Esther Hobart Morris. A statue of Mary McLeod Bethune has been authorized.[4][5]

American Indian members

The vast majority of the collection is of white men, but it includes statues of Hawaiian Kamehameha I and of six American Indians: Po'pay, Will Rogers, Sequoyah, Sacagawea, Washakie, and Sarah Winnemucca.

Members of Hispanic descent

Dennis Chávez (New Mexico), the first person of Hispanic descent to be elected to a full term in the U.S. Senate. Father Junípero Serra, born in Spain, was a Spanish-era founder of the California mission system.

African-American members

Until 2018, no state had designated an African American as one of its two statues; the sculpture of Martin Luther King Jr. and the statue of Rosa Parks are there by special acts of Congress, which commissioned each.[6][7]

In March 2018, the Governor of Florida signed legislation to replace the statue of Edmund Kirby Smith with one of African-American educator and Civil Rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune.[4]

Confederates

The collection contains several statues of leaders of the Confederate States of America. These include CSA President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Alexander Stephens and Confederate soldiers, most in Confederate Army uniforms: Generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Wheeler, James Z. George, Wade Hampton III, and Edmund Kirby Smith, as well as Colonel Zebulon Baird Vance and former enlisted soldier John E. Kenna. The collection also includes a statue of Uriah M. Rose, who was the chancellor of Pulaski County, Arkansas, while Arkansas was part of the Confederacy.

Alabama replaced its statue of Confederate politician and army officer Jabez Curry in 2009. In 2018 the Florida legislature voted to replace Edmund Kirby Smith with African-American educator and Civil Rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune.[4]

==Collection==

State gifts

{{Main|List of sculptures in the National Statuary Hall Collection}}

Other statues of people

Other statues under the control of the Architect of the Capitol[8]

Honoree Image Medium Sculptor Date placed Location
Abraham Lincoln Marble Vinnie Ream 1871 Rotunda
Alexander Hamilton Marble Horatio Stone 1868 Rotunda
Martin Luther King Jr. Bronze John Woodrow Wilson 1986 Rotunda
Edward Dickinson Baker Marble Horatio Stone 1876 Hall of Columns
Sojourner Truth Bronze Artis Lane 2009 Capitol Visitor Center
James Madison Marble Walker K. Hancock 1976 James Madison Memorial Building
Portrait Monument to Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Marble Adelaide Johnson 1920 Rotunda
Thomas Jefferson Bronze Pierre-Jean David d’Angers 1834 Rotunda
Ulysses S. Grant Marble Franklin Simmons 1899 Rotunda
Rosa Parks Bronze Eugene Daub 2013 National Statuary Hall
Frederick Douglass Bronze Steven Weitzman 2013 Capitol Visitor Center[9]

Allegorical or mythical sculptures

Sculpture under the control of the Architect of the Capitol

Title Image Medium Sculptor Date placed Location Comment
Car of History Marble Carlo Franzoni 1819 National Statuary Hall depicts Clio, the muse of history
Liberty and the Eagle Plaster Enrico Causici 1817–1819 National Statuary Hall
Statue of Freedom Bronze Thomas Crawford 1863 top of dome
The Progress of Civilization[10] Marble Thomas Crawford 1863 Pediment over Senate Portico, East Front
Apotheosis of Democracy{{sfn>Architect of the Capitol |1965|p=379}} Marble Paul Wayland Bartlett 1916 Pediment, East Front Figures of Peace protecting Genius surrounded by scenes depicting Industry and Agriculture
Genius of America (1) Sandstone Luigi Persico 1825–1828 East Central Entrance America with Justice and Hope, duplicated and replaced by Genius of America (2)
Genius of America (2) Marble Bruno Mankowski 1959–60 East Central Entrance duplicate in marble of Genius of America (1)
Fame and Peace Crowning George Washington (1) Sandstone Antonio Capellano 1827 East central portico, above the Rotunda doors duplicated and replaced by Fame and Peace ... (2)
Fame and Peace Crowning George Washington (2) Marble G. Gianetti 1959–60 East central portico, above the Rotunda doors duplicate in marble of Fame and Peace ... (1)
Justice and History{{sfn>Architect of the Capitol |1965|p=366}} Marble Thomas Crawford 1863 East Front

Replacement of statues

A 2003 change in the law allows a state to remove a previously placed statue from the collection and replace it with another.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Since then, seven states have replaced statues, with two of those states considering replacing a second statue.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Replacements

  • Alabama replaced its statue of Jabez Curry in 2009 with one of Helen Keller. The Curry statue is now at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.
  • Arizona replaced its statue of John Campbell Greenway in 2015 with one of Barry Goldwater. The statue is now at the Polly Rosenbaum Archives and History Building near the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix.[11]
  • California replaced its statue of Thomas Starr King with one of Ronald Reagan in 2009. The King statue now stands in Capitol Park at the California State Capitol in Sacramento.[12]
  • Iowa replaced its statue of James Harlan in 2014 with one of Norman Borlaug, who is considered the founder of the Green Revolution.[13] The Harlan statue is now displayed at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.[14]
  • Kansas replaced its statue of George Washington Glick with one of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 2003.[15] The Glick statue now resides at the Kansas State Historical Society in Topeka.
  • Michigan replaced its statue of Zachariah Chandler with one of Gerald Ford in 2011.[16][17] The Chandler statue is now in the atrium of Constitution Hall in Lansing, Michigan.[18]
  • Ohio replaced its statue of William Allen with one of inventor and businessman Thomas Edison in 2016.[19][20] Allen's statue was returned to his hometown of Chillicothe.[21]

Replacement pending

  • Florida: On March 19, 2018, Governor Rick Scott signed legislation replacing its statue of Edmund Kirby Smith with one of the African-American civil rights activist and educator Mary McLeod Bethune.[22] The statue was to have been moved to the Lake County Historical Museum in Tavares, after residents of St. Augustine, his birthplace, expressed no interest.[23] However, at a County Commission meeting on July 24, 2018, about 24 residents spoke against, and none in favor, of bringing the statue to Lake County. Chairman Sullivan assured the crowd that the commission would tell the Historical Museum "that there is no longer a want or desire to bring this statue to Lake County".[24]
  • North Carolina: On October 2, 2015, North Carolina governor Pat McCrory signed a bill replacing the statue of Charles Aycock with one of Reverend Billy Graham.[25] However, the replacement was delayed because the statues must represent deceased individuals; Reverend Graham did not die until February 2018.[26] One week after Graham's death, McCrory's successor, Roy Cooper, submitted a formal request for replacement of the Aycock statue.[27]
  • Utah: On April 4, 2018, Governor Gary Herbert signed legislation replacing its statue of Philo Farnsworth with a statue of Martha Hughes Cannon, the first woman elected as a state senator in US history.[28]

Under consideration for replacement

  • California: Having already replaced one of its statues, as of June 2015, California was considering replacing its statue of Junípero Serra with one of astronaut Sally Ride.[29]
  • Kansas: Having already replaced one of its statues, Kansas currently has plans to replace the statue of John James Ingalls with one of female aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart.[30]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/rosa-parks-full-bodied-statue-african-american-depicted/story?id=18608892|title=Rosa Parks: First Statue of African-American Female to Grace Capitol|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=27 February 2013}}
2. ^Equal Visibility Everywhere blog post
3. ^[https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/national-statuary-hall-collection/frances-e-willard AOC page]
4. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/mary-bethune-statue-bill-one-gov-scott-signs-far-this-week/J2ckXPaJkSY1h4VlgI6tzH/ |title = Florida to replace Confederate statue at US Capitol with civil-rights leader | author = Christine Sexton and Jim Saunders, News Service of Florida | date = March 21, 2018 | journal = The Palm Beach Post | accessdate = April 24, 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Senate Bill 472 Analysis|author=Committee on Rules, Florida Senate|date=January 9, 2018|url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2018/472/Analyses/2018s00472.rc.PDF|access-date=January 14, 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/busts/martin-luther-king-jr-bust | title = MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. BUST | author = Architect of the Capitol | access-date = April 24, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.aoc.gov/art/other-statues/rosa-parks| title = ROSA PARKS | author = Architect of the Capitol | access-date = April 24, 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Other Statues|url=https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/other-statues|website=Architect of the Capitol, United States Capitol|accessdate=20 August 2017|language=en}}
9. ^P.L. 112-179, enacted September 20, 2012, authorized the acceptance of the Frederick Douglass statute as a gift of the District of Columbia to be placed "in a suitable permanent location in Emancipation Hall of the United States Capitol." {{cite web|title=Public Law 112-179|url=https://www.congress.gov/112/plaws/publ174/PLAW-112publ174.pdf|website=United States Congress|accessdate=20 August 2017}}
10. ^Architect of the Capitol Under the Direction of the Joint Committee on the Library, Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol, United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1965 p. 380
11. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/politics/2015/02/11/goldwater-statue-dedicated-national-statuary-hall/23227893/ |title=Goldwater statue dedicated in National Statuary Hall |first=Bill |last=Theobald |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |location=Phoenix |date=February 11, 2015 |accessdate=March 1, 2015}}
12. ^{{cite news| title=Thomas Starr King deserves better| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/29/opinion/oe-cheevers29| last=Cheevers| first=Jack| date=29 May 2009| work=Los Angeles Times| publisher=LATimes.com| accessdate=2013-02-27}}
13. ^{{cite news| title=Norman Borlaug enters U.S. Capital's Statuary Hall| url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2014/03/26/norman-borlaug-enters-us-capitols-statuary-hall/6900501/| last=Doering| first=Christopher| date=26 March 2014| work=The Des Moines Register| publisher=desmoinesregister.com| accessdate=2014-06-18}}
14. ^{{cite news| title=Harlan statue will move from U.S. Capitol to Mt. Pleasant| url=http://www.radioiowa.com/2013/04/09/harlan-statue-will-move-from-u-s-capitol-to-mt-pleasant/| last=Henderson| first=O. Kay| date=9 April 2013| work=Iowa Public Radio| accessdate=2014-06-18}}
15. ^{{cite news| title=Capitol statues switched as subjects' fame fades| url=http://www.startribune.com/nation/17113171.html?refer=y| archive-url=https://archive.is/20130411210139/http://www.startribune.com/nation/17113171.html?refer=y| dead-url=yes| archive-date=11 April 2013| last=Holland| first=Judy| work=Star Tribune| place=Minneapolis| publisher=startribune.com| date=29 March 2008| accessdate=2013-02-27}}
16. ^{{cite news| title=Zachariah who? States swap out statues in Capitol hall of fame| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/10/nation/la-na-capitol-statues-20110911| last=Simon| first=Richard| date=10 September 2011| work=Los Angeles Times| accessdate=2013-02-27}}
17. ^{{cite news| title=Gerald Ford honored with statue in U.S. Capitol| url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2011/05/gerald-ford-statue-dedicated-us-capitol-/1 | work=USA Today| date=3 May 2011| last=Camia| first=Catalina| publisher=USAtoday.com| accessdate=2013-02-27}}
18. ^{{cite news| title=Statue swap: Zachariah Chandler comes home to Michigan as Gerald R. Ford heads to U.S. Capitol| url=http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/04/today_in_statues_zachariah_cha.html| date=22 April 2011| agency=Associated Press| work=The Grand Rapids Press| accessdate=2013-02-27}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiostatuaryhall.org/history/|title=History|publisher=Ohio Statuary Hall Commission|quote=In 2012, the 129th Ohio General Assembly and Governor Kasich formalized the public vote to replace Allen with Thomas Edison through passage of HB 487 (section 701.121).|accessdate=2014-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607000445/http://www.ohiostatuaryhall.org/history/|archive-date=2014-06-07|dead-url=yes|df=}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/08/panel_recommends_thomas_edison.html|title=Panel recommends Thomas Edison statue go in U.S. Capitol|date=26 August 2010|work=The Plain Dealer|publisher=cleveland.com|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2013-02-27|place=Cleveland}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2016/09/21/thomas-edison-statue-dedicated-in-u-s--capitols-statuary-hall.html |title= Thomas Edison statue dedicated in U.S. Capitol's Statuary Hall |first=Jessica |last=Wehrman |newspaper=The Columbus Dispatch |date=September 21, 2016 |accessdate=February 3, 2017}}
22. ^Palm Beach Post, March 11, 2018, p. A12.
23. ^Commentary: Statue of Confederate general is no 'piece of art,' has no place in Lake County museum Retrieved July 2, 2018
24. ^{{cite news|title=Lake County Commission does about-face on confederate statue|date=July 24, 2018|newspaper=Daily Commercial|first=Tim|last=McNiff|url=http://www.dailycommercial.com/news/20180724/lake-county-commission-does-about-face-on-confederate-statue}}
25. ^{{cite press release| title=Governor McCrory Signs Bill Requesting Statue of Billy Graham be Placed in U.S. Capitol| url=http://governor.nc.gov/press-release/governor-mccrory-signs-bill-requesting-statue-billy-graham-be-placed-us-capitol| date=2015-10-07| publisher= North Carolina Office of the Governor| accessdate=October 8, 2015}}
26. ^{{cite web| title=Procedure and Guidelines for Replacement of Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection| url=http://www.aoc.gov/sites/default/files/statue_replacement_guidelines_2014.pdf| date=January 2014| publisher=Architect of the Capitol| accessdate=2015-10-07}}
27. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/politics-columns-blogs/under-the-dome/article202736544.html |title=NC leaders move forward with another honor for Billy Graham: US Capitol statue |first=Brian |last=Murphy |newspaper=The News & Observer |location=Raleigh, NC |date=February 28, 2018 |accessdate=February 17, 2019}}
28. ^{{cite news |last=Weaver |first=Jennifer |date=April 4, 2018 |title=Statue of Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon heads to U.S. Capitol |url=https://kutv.com/news/local/statue-of-dr-martha-hughes-cannon-heads-to-us-capitol |work=KUTV |location= |access-date=September 3, 2018 }}
29. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-cal-senate-supports-swapping-sally-ride-statue-for-junipero-serra-20150413-story.html |title=State Senate calls for swapping Father Serra statue with one of Sally Ride |first=Patrick |last=McGreevy |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=April 13, 2015 |accessdate=April 14, 2015}}
{{cite news |last=Finley |first=Allysia |date=4 June 2014 |title=The Political Assault on California’s Saint |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-political-assault-on-californias-saint-1433459931 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=5 June 2015 |quote=The state Assembly and Gov. Brown would still need to OK the statue swap, which doesn’t appear to be a legislative priority for either. }}
30. ^{{cite news| url=http://cjonline.com/life/connected/2011-03-12/amelias-monument-about-take-flight| title=Amelia's monument about to take flight| last=Biles| first=Jan| work=The Topeka Capital-Journal| date=12 March 2011| publisher=cjonline.com| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007094155/http://www.cjonline.com/life/connected/2011-03-12/amelias-monument-about-take-flight|archivedate=2012-10-07|accessdate=2013-02-27}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • Aoc.gov: Official National Statuary Hall Collection website
  • Aoc.gov: The origins of the National Statuary Hall Collection
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150626131458/https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/content/brochure/2759/guide-state-statuesenhr.pdf Guide to State Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection]
  • Fas.org: "The National Statuary Hall: assignment, use, and historic events" – from the Congressional Research Service.
{{National Statuary Hall Collection|state=expanded}}{{Washington DC landmarks}}{{United States Capitol Complex|state=collapsed}}{{Coord|38|53|23|N|77|00|32|W|display = title}}

5 : National Statuary Hall Collection|Sculpture collections|Sculptures in Washington, D.C.|Statues in Washington, D.C.|United States Capitol
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