“Nation-building”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Nation builders are those members of a state who take the initiative to develop the national community through government programs, including military conscription and national content mass schooling.^[5]^[6]^[7] Nation-building can involve the use of propaganda or major infrastructure development to foster social harmony and economic growth. According to Columbia University political scientist Andreas Wimmer, three factors tend to determine the success of nation-building over the long-run: "the early development of civil-society organisations, the rise of a state capable of providing public goods evenly across a territory, and the emergence of a shared medium of communication."^[8]

Overview

In the modern era, nation-building referred to the efforts of newly independent nations, notably the nations of Africa but also in the Balkans,^[9]^[10] to redefine the populace of territories that had been carved out by colonial powers or empires without regard to ethnic, religious, or other boundaries.^[11] These reformed states would then become viable and coherent national entities.^[12]

Nation-building includes the creation of national paraphernalia such as flags, anthems, national days, national stadiums, national airlines, national languages, and national myths.^[13]^[14] At a deeper level, national identity needed to be deliberately constructed by molding different ethnic groups into a nation, especially since in many newly established states colonial practices of divide and rule had resulted in ethnically heterogeneous populations.^[15]

However, many new states were plagued by tribalism; that is, rivalry between ethnic groups within the nation. This sometimes resulted in their near-disintegration, such as the attempt by Biafra to secede from Nigeria in 1970, or the continuing demand of the Somali people in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia for complete independence. In Asia, the division of British India into India and Pakistan was in part due to ethnic differences, which might have been aided by other factors like colonial mismanagement of the situation. The Rwandan genocide as well as the recurrent problems experienced by the Sudan can also be related to a lack of ethnic, religious, or racial cohesion within the nation. It has often proved difficult to unite states with similar ethnic but different colonial backgrounds. Whereas some consider Cameroon to be an example of success, fractures are emerging in the form of the Anglophone problem. Failures like Senegambia Confederation demonstrate the problems of uniting Francophone and Anglophone territories.

Terminology: nation-building versus state-building

Traditionally, there has been some confusion between the use of the term nation-building and that of state-building (the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in North America). Both have fairly narrow and different definitions in political science, the former referring to national identity, the latter to infrastructure and the institutions of the state. The debate has been clouded further by the existence of two very different schools of thought on state-building. The first (prevalent in the media) portrays state-building as an interventionist action by foreign countries. The second (more academic in origin and increasingly accepted by international institutions) sees state-building as an indigenous process. For a discussion of the definitional issues, see state-building, Carolyn Stephenson's essay,^[16] and the papers by Whaites, CPC/IPA or ODI cited below.

The confusion over terminology has meant that more recently, nation-building has come to be used in a completely different context, with reference to what has been succinctly described by its proponents as "the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy".^[17] In this sense nation-building, better referred to as state-building, describes deliberate efforts by a foreign power to construct or install the institutions of a national government, according to a model that may be more familiar to the foreign power but is often considered foreign and even destabilizing.^[18] In this sense, state-building is typically characterized by massive investment, military occupation, transitional government, and the use of propaganda to communicate governmental policy.^[19]^[20]

References

1. ^Karl Wolfgang Deutsch, William J. Folt, eds, Nation Building in Comparative Contexts, New York, Atherton, 1966.
2. ^Mylonas, Harris (2017),“Nation-building,” Oxford Bibliographies in International Relations. Ed. Patrick James. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. ^{{Cite book | last1= Nairn | first1= Tom | last2= James | first2= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | title= Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism | url= https://www.academia.edu/1642325 | year= 2005 | publisher= Pluto Press | location= London and New York}}; first used in {{Cite book | last= James | first= Paul |authorlink= Paul James (academic) | title= Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community | url= https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0761950737 |publisher= Sage Publications | location= London |year= 1996}} See also {{Cite book | last= James | first= Paul |authorlink= Paul James (academic) | title= Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In —Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community |url= https://www.academia.edu/1642214 | year= 2006 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London }}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Mylonas |first=Harris |title=The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1107661998 |page=17| url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/politics-nation-building-making-co-nationals-refugees-and-minorities}}
5. ^Keith Darden and Harris Mylonas. 2016. “Threats to Territorial Integrity, National Mass Schooling, and Linguistic Commonality,” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 49, No. 11: 1446-1479.
6. ^Keith Darden and Anna Grzymala-Busse. 2006. “The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism, and the Communist Collapse.” World Politics, Volume 59 (October): 83-115.
7. ^Barry Posen. 1993. "Nationalism, the Mass Army and Military Power," International Security, 18(2): 80-124.
8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wimmer|first=Andreas|date=2018-07-04|title=Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart|journal=Survival|language=en|volume=60|issue=4|pages=151–164|doi=10.1080/00396338.2018.1495442|issn=0039-6338}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Mylonas |first=Harris |title=The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1107661998 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/politics-nation-building-making-co-nationals-refugees-and-minorities}}
10. ^{{cite book |last1=Mylonas |first1=Harris |author1-link=Harris Mylonas |title=The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOIHbEBhzPkC |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2012 |page=xx |isbn=9781107020450 |accessdate=2013-12-02 |quote=Many journalists, academics, and policy commentators have recently used the term 'nation-building' in place of what the U.S. Department of Defense calls 'stability operations.' [...] In other words. by 'nation-building' they mean 'third-party state-building.' They use the term to describe efforts to build roads and railways, enforce the rule of law, and improve the infrastructure of a state. [...] I part ways with this recent usage and I use the term 'nation-building' as it has been used in the political science literature for the past five decades. [...] Nation-building, sometimes used interchangeably with national integration, is the process through which governing elites make the boundaries of the state and the nation coincide. [...]}}
11. ^{{cite book |last=Deutsch |first=Karl W. |title=Nation building in comparative contexts |year=2010 |publisher=AldineTransaction |location=New Brunswick [N.J.] |isbn=9780202363561 |edition=New paperback print. |editor=William J. Foltz}}
12. ^{{cite journal |last=Connor |first=Walker |title=Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying? |journal=World Politics |date=18 July 2011 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=319–355 |doi=10.2307/2009753|jstor=2009753 }}
13. ^{{cite book |title=Nation-building: a key concept for peaceful conflict transformation? |year=2005 |publisher=Pluto |location=London |isbn=978-0745323367 |others=translated by Barry Stone|editor=Jochen Hippler}}
14. ^Smith, Anthony. 1986. "State-Making and Nation-Building" in John Hall (ed.), States in History. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 228–263.
15. ^Harris Mylonas. 2010. "Assimilation and its Alternatives: Caveats in the Study of Nation-Building Policies", In States and Non-State Actors in Conflict, eds. Adria Lawrence and Erica Chenoweth. BCSIA Studies in International Security, MIT Press.
16. ^{{Cite web |first=Carolyn |last=Stephenson |date=January 2005 |title=Nation Building |url=https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/nation_building/ |publisher=Beyond Intractability |access-date=27 June 2018}}
17. ^Dobbins, James, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, and Beth Cole DeGrasse. 2007. The Beginner's Guide to Nation-Building. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation.
18. ^{{cite journal |last=Darden |first=Keith |author2=Mylonas, Harris |title=The Promethean Dilemma: Third-party State-building in Occupied Territories |journal=Ethnopolitics |date=1 March 2012 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=85–93 |doi=10.1080/17449057.2011.596127}}
19. ^Fukuyama, Francis. January/February 2004. "State of the Union: Nation-Building 101", Atlantic Monthly.
20. ^{{cite book |last=Fukuyama |first=Francis (ed.) |title=Nation-building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq |year=2006 |publisher=Johns Hopkins Univ. Press |location=Baltimore, Md. |isbn=978-0801883347 |edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}

Overview

Terminology: nation-building versus state-building

References

Sources

External links