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词条 Watts Up With That?
释义

  1. Content

  2. Temperature records

  3. Involvement in the Climatic Research Unit email controversy

  4. Reception

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. External links

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| author = Anthony Watts
| launch date = November 17, 2006
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}}Watts Up With That? (or WUWT) is a blog[1] promoting climate change denial{{refn|See: [1][2][3][4][5]}} that was created by Anthony Watts in 2006.[1][2]

The blog predominantly discusses climate issues with a focus on anthropogenic climate change, generally accommodating beliefs that are in opposition to the scientific consensus on climate change. Contributors include Christopher Monckton and Fred Singer as guest authors.[6] In November 2009, the blog was one of the first websites to publish emails and documents from the Climatic Research Unit controversy, and a driving force behind its coverage.[6]

In the early months of 2010, it was reported the site might be "the most read climate blog in the world,"[11] and in 2013 Michael E. Mann referred to it as the leading climate change denial blog.[2]

Content

Watts Up With That features material disputing the scientific consensus on climate change, including claims the human role in global warming is insignificant and carbon dioxide is not a driving force of warming.[7] It hosts several contributors, such as Christopher Monckton and Fred Singer, in addition to Watts.[14] It is among the most prominent climate change denial blogs,[4][8][9][10] and is described by climatologist Michael E. Mann as the most popular, having surpassed Climate Audit.[11] Columbia Journalism School writer Curtis Brainard has written that "scientists have repeatedly criticized [Watts] for misleading readers on subjects such as the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record."[12]

Temperature records

In 2007 WUWT readers alerted Stephen McIntyre to a discrepancy in temperature records published by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) based on data from United States Historical Climate Network.[13] In August 2007, McIntyre notified GISS about the problematic numbers, which GISS acknowledged and promptly corrected. The change did not affect global temperature trends, but did have the marginal effect of changing the hottest year on record for the contiguous United States to 1934, rather than 1998 as had previously been shown.[14] In a formal acknowledgement, GISS stated that the minor data processing error had only affected the years after 2000, and noted that the contiguous United States represents only 1.6% of the Earth's surface. The result was a statistical tie between the years 1934, 1998 and 2005 as the warmest years to date for these U.S. states, with 1934 warmest by only around 0.01 °C which was well within the margin of uncertainty.[15]

Involvement in the Climatic Research Unit email controversy

{{see also|Climatic Research Unit email controversy}}

In 2009, Watts Up With That was involved in popularizing the Climatic Research Unit email controversy,[16][17] wherein emails of several climatologists were published by a hacker. The story was initially broken on WUWT and two other blogs when the hacker posted a link to a Russian server containing emails and documents from the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, and subsequently reproduced on the WUWT blog. Because of WUWT's high traffic count, this was the catalyst which broke the story to the media.[18] The term "Climategate" was originally coined by a commenter in a post on WUWT.[19][20]

Watts argued that the emails showed the scientists were manipulating data, and while a series of independent investigations cleared the scientists of any wrongdoing,[21] public accusations resulting from the event continued for years.[17] The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged throughout the investigations,[22][23] however, the reports may have decreased public confidence in climate scientists and the IPCC, and conclusively altered the Copenhagen negotiations that year.[24][25]

In a 2010 interview with the Financial Times, Watts said that his blog had become "busier than ever" after the incident and that traffic to the site had tripled.[26]

Reception

According to Alexa internet statistical analysis, What's Up With That? is ranked No. 14,882 in the U.S. and No. 40,090 world-wide.[27] It is reported to receive between half a million and 2 million visits per month between 2010 and 2014.[28][29][30] It was described by climatologist Michael E. Mann in The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars as "the leading climate change denial blog,"[2][3][4][5] having surpassed Climate Audit in popularity.

Watts's blog has been criticized for inaccuracy. The Guardian columnist George Monbiot described WUWT as "highly partisan and untrustworthy".[31] Leo Hickman, at The Guardians Environment Blog, also criticized Watts's blog, stating that Watts "risks polluting his legitimate scepticism about the scientific processes and methodologies underpinning climate science with his accompanying politicised commentary."[32]

Between 2008 and 2013, WUWT asked its readers to vote in several internet voting-based awards, and it won "best science blog" and "best blog" from the Bloggies[33] and the conservative Wizbang Weblog Awards. In 2013, Leo Hickman wrote in The Guardian Environment Blog that 13 of the 17 blogs nominated for the Science or Technology category for the Bloggies "were either run by climate sceptics, or popular with climate sceptics". The Bloggies founder acknowledged in 2013 that climate skeptic bloggers had influenced voting. He said "Unfortunately, I have no good solution for it, since they follow proper voting procedures and legitimate science blogs don't want to make an effort to compete."[34] He discontinued the science category in 2014.[35] WUWT did not win "Best Topical Weblog of the Year" 2014 as Watts claimed, but did enter the Hall of Fame that year.[35]

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite book|title=Denying Science: Conspiracy Theories, Media Distortions, and the War Against Reality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anPotGg3tcUC |accessdate=26 May 2015 |author=John Grant |publisher=Prometheus Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1616144005|quote=* The blog Watts Up With That? is a notorious hotbed of irrational AGW denialism * the massively trafficked denialist site Watts Up With That * Watts is best known for his very heavily trafficked blog Watts Up With That?, began in 2006, which provides not just a megaphone for himself but a rallying ground for other AGW deniers.}}
2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |title=The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines |date=1 October 2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |pages=27, 72, 222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klerAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |quote=Since then, a number of other amateur climate change denial bloggers have arrived on the scene. Most prominent among them is Anthony Watts, a meteorologist...and founder of the site "Watts Up with That?" which has overtaken climate audit as the leading climate change denial blog.|isbn=9780231152556 }}
3. ^1 {{cite journal |title=A dark victory: How vested interests defeated climate science |journal=The Monthly |authorlink=Robert Manne |last=Manne |first=Robert |date=August 2012 |pages=22–29 |url=http://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2012/august/1344299325/robert-manne/dark-victory |quote=More importantly, it was becoming clear that the most effective denialist media weapon was not the newspapers or television but the internet. A number of influential websites, like Watts Up With That?, Climate Skeptic and Climate Depot, were established.}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JihhbdpO-yoC&pg=PA153 |last1=Dunlap|first1=Riley E. |last2=McCright|first2=Aaron M. | contribution =Organised Climate Change Denial |editor1-last=Dryzek |editor1-first=John S. |editor2-last=Norgaard |editor2-first=Richard B. |editor3-last=Schlosberg |editor3-first=David |title=The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199566600 |page=153 |quote=In recent years these conservative media outlets have been supplemented (and to some degree supplanted) by the conservative blogosphere, and numerous blogs now constitute a vital element of the denial machine...the most popular North American blogs are run by a retired TV meteorologist (wattsupwiththat.com)...Having this powerful, pervasive, and multifaceted media apparatus at its service provides the denial machine with a highly effective means of spreading its message.}}
5. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Farmer, G. Thomas |author2=Cook, John |title=Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis: Volume 1-The Physical Climate |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbtEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA462 |quote= One of the highest trafficked climate blogs is wattsupwiththat.com, a website that publishes climate misinformation on a daily basis.|isbn=9789400757578 }}
6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/11/28/meet-the-climate-denial-machine/191545#watts |title=Meet The Climate Denial Machine |date=12 November 2012 |accessdate=26 May 2015}}
7. ^{{harvnb|SchneiderNocke|2014|p=171}}: "Despite the well-known facts under discussion, the original graph, based on a single outdated study published in 1991, continues to reappear again and again in climate skeptical media, trying to prove that the sun, not anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, is causing global warming. The original curve appears, for example, on Anthony Watts' climate skeptical blog "Watts Up With That?" in an article posted in 2011."
8. ^{{harvnb|Farmer|2013|p=462}}: "One of the highest trafficked climate blogs is wattsupwiththat.com, a website that publishes climate misinformation on a daily basis."
9. ^{{harvnb|Manne|2012}}: "More importantly, it was becoming clear that the most effective denialist media weapon was not the newspapers or television but the internet. A number of influential websites, like Watts Up With That?, Climate Skeptic and Climate Depot, were established."
10. ^{{harvnb|KirilenkoStepchenkova|2014|p=9}}: "The most authoritative climate change skepticism web sites included Watts Up With That? and Climate Depot"
11. ^{{harvnb|Mann|2013|p=72}}: "Since then, a number of other amateur climate change denial bloggers have arrived on the scene. Most prominent among them is Anthony Watts, a meteorologist...and founder of the site "Watts Up with That?" which has overtaken climate audit as the leading climate change denial blog."
12. ^1 {{harvnb|Brainard|2015|p=172}}: "At the other end of the spectrum are influential sites for "climate skeptics", such as Watts Up With That?, a blog run by meteorologist Anthony Watts, whom scientists have repeatedly criticized for misleading readers on subjects such as the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record."
13. ^{{cite book|author=Christopher Booker|title=The Real Global Warming Disaster: Is the Obsession with 'climate Change' Turning Out to be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnZ6PCa5lCIC&pg=PA199|date=16 December 2009|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1052-7|pages=198–199}}
14. ^{{cite web|last=Gramling|first=Carolyn|title=Error in NASA climate data sparks debate|url=http://www.geotimes.org/aug07/article.html?id=WebExtra081607_2.html|work=Geotimes|publisher=American Geological Institute|accessdate=10 September 2010|date=August 16, 2007}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Global temperature trends: 2007 summation|url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2007/|work=Goddard Institute for Space Studies|publisher=NASA|accessdate=15 September 2010}}
16. ^1 {{harvnb|Grant|2011|p=302}}: "Watts is best known for his very heavily trafficked blog Watts Up With That?, began in 2006, which provides not just a megaphone for himself but a rallying ground for other AGW deniers, notably Christopher Monckton. The blog played an important role in the Climategate fiasco, through its dissemination of the hacked CRU emails."
17. ^1 {{harvnb|Hansen|2015|p=172}}: "In 2009, an unknown party acquired a large cache of private emails between climate scientists...and published them online. Cherry-picking quotes in order to make the scientists appear as though they were discussing data manipulation, bloggers such as Watts whipped up a pseudo-scandal that reverberated for years despite the fact that a series of nine investigations in the U.S. and the U.K. cleared the scientists of any wrongdoing.
18. ^Fred Pearce, "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/feb/09/hacked-emails-police-investigation Search for hacker may lead police back to East Anglia's climate research unit]", The Guardian, 9 February 2010.
19. ^{{cite news | url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/jamesdelingpole/100018246/climategate-how-the-greatest-scientific-scandal-of-our-generation-got-its-name/ | title=Climategate: how the 'greatest scientific scandal of our generation' got its name | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | date=November 29, 2009| quote=The person who really coined it was a commenter called "Bulldust" on the Watts Up With That site.}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://csm.ehclients.com/sites/default/files/documents/pages/david_norton_climategate.pdf |title=Constructing "Climategate" and Tracking Chatter in an Age of Web n.0 |author=David Norton |year=2010 |quote=Two days passed before links to the stolen data were suddenly posted to two other conservative blogs: The Air Vent and Watts Up With That. Within hours of the breaking news, commenters on Watts Up With That coined the phrase “climategate” and even began to call for its strategic deployment as a framing device. Soon thereafter, a prominent conservative blogger in the United Kingdom ran a headline referring to the incident as “climategate,” and Twitter users began to follow suit}}
21. ^The eight major investigations covered by secondary sources include: House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (UK); [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/science/earth/08climate.html Independent Climate Change Review] (UK); International Science Assessment Panel (UK); [https://web.archive.org/web/20100704031346/http://views.washingtonpost.com/climate-change/post-carbon/2010/07/by_juliet_eilperin_a_pennsylvania.html Pennsylvania State University] first panel and second panel (US); [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-10899538 United States Environmental Protection Agency] (US); Department of Commerce (US); [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-22/climate-change-scientist-cleared-in-u-s-data-altering-inquiry.html National Science Foundation] (US)
22. ^{{cite journal| last=Biello |first=David |year=2010 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=negating-climategate |title=Negating Climategate |journal=Scientific American |volume=302 |issue=2 |pages=16 |issn=0036-8733 |quote=In fact, nothing in the stolen material undermines the scientific consensus that climate change is happening and that humans are to blame|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0210-16a }}
23. ^Lubchenco, Jane (2 December 2009) House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (House Select Committee). "The Administration's View on the State of Climate Science". House Hearing, 111 Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. "...the e-mails really do nothing to undermine the very strong scientific consensus and the independent scientific analyses of thousands of scientists around the world that tell us that the Earth is warming and that the warming is largely a result of human activities." As quoted in the report published by [https://web.archive.org/web/20110330133202/http://www.oig.doc.gov/OIGPublications/2011.02.18_IG_to_Inhofe.pdf Office of Inspector General].
24. ^{{harvnb|AnshelmHultman|2014|pp=154–156}}: "Climategate fundamentally damaged confidence in the IPCC climate reports and decisively changed the conditions for the Copenhagen negotiations...Climategate and the failure of Copenhagen coincided with a widespread decline in public acceptance that global warming was happening, was caused by humans, and was a serious threat...Climategate can also explain the erosion of public trust in scientists as sources of information on global warming after 2010."
25. ^{{harvnb|Dunlap|2013|p=153}}: "Having this powerful, pervasive and multifaceted media apparatus at its service provides the denial machine with a highly effective means of spreading its message, as reflected quite recently by its success in turning a tiny and highly unrepresentative sample of thirteen years worth of personal e-mails hacked from the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia into a major scandal that has generated a decline in public belief in climate change and trust in climate scientists...despite the fact that several investigations have concluded that the e-mails neither demonstrate unethical behavior nor undermine climate science."
26. ^{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Fiona|title=E-mail leaks that clouded climate issue|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a6c0411c-2adf-11df-886b-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=15 September 2010|newspaper=Financial Times|date=8 March 2010}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Alexa Site Information: Watts Up With That?| url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wattsupwiththat.com| work=Alexa Internet| accessdate = 5 September 2015}}
28. ^1 {{cite book| last=Pearce |first=Fred |authorlink=Fred Pearce |title=The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth about Global Warming |year=2010 |publisher=Guardian Books|isbn=978-0-85265-229-9 |page=165}}
29. ^{{harvnb|Phelan|2014|p=123}}: "Watts Up With That was created in 2006 by Californian meteorologist Anthony Watts...From its modest beginnings, Pearce suggests it is now "perhaps the most visited climate website in the world...with more than two million unique visitors a month"
30. ^{{harvnb|MooneyKirshenbaum|2010|p=114}}: "Anthony Watts is an extremely popular blogger, drawing hundreds of comments per post and well over half a million visitors per month. Yet his blog contains highly questionable information–presented very "scientifically" of course, replete with charts and graphs–but all directed toward the end of making the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming seem faulty (in fact, it's extremely robust)
31. ^{{cite news| url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/may/15/climate-change-scepticism-arctic-ice| date = 15 May 2009| title = How to disprove Christopher Booker in 26 seconds| author = George Monbiot| work = The Guardian| accessdate = 11 April 2010}}
32. ^{{cite news| url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2010/feb/24/climate-change-debate | date = 24 February 2010| title = Academic attempts to take the hot air out of climate science debate| author = Leo Hickman| work = The Guardian| accessdate = 3 April 2010}}
33. ^{{harvnb|MooneyKirshenbaum|2010|p=109}}: "With just days to go until voting closed, the 2008 weblog awards - an annual online popularity contest in which nearly 1 million voters pick their favorite opiners across forty-eight topic categories-featured a tight race for Best Science Blog...In the end, Watts Up With That defeated Pharyngula by a vote of 14,150 votes to 12,238."
34. ^{{cite web|last=Hickman|first=Leo|title=Climate sceptics 'capture' the Bloggies' science category|date=1 March 2013|work=The Guardian environment blog|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/mar/01/climate-sceptics-capture-bloggies-science|accessdate=5 February 2015}}
35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://2014.bloggi.es/|title=The 2014 Bloggies|accessdate=5 February 2015}}

References

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External links

{{wikiquote|Watts Up With That?}}
  • Watts Up With That?, official site.
  • Wotts Up With That?, rebuttal site.

6 : American blogs|Science blogs|Internet properties established in 2006|Climate change assessment and attribution|Climate change blogs|Climate change skepticism and denial
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