“Wealth and religion”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The correlation between wealth and religion has been subject to academic research. Wealth is the status of being the beneficiary or proprietor of a large accumulation of capital and economic power. Religion is a cultural system that often involves belief in supernatural forces and may intend to provide a moral system or a meaning of life.

The GDP of countries generally correlates negatively with their religiosity, i.e. the wealthier a population is the more secular it is.^[2]

Statistics

Global

According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by Muslims (5.0%), Hindus (3.3%), and Jews (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification Irreligion or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth.^[3]

A study done by the nonpartisan wealth research firm New World Wealth found that 56.2% of the 13.1 million millionaires in the world were Christians,^[4] while 6.5% were Muslims, 3.9% were Hindu, and 1.7% were Jewish; 31.7% were identified as adherents of "other" religions or "not religious".

United States

A study in the United States (based on data from 1985–1998), conducted by the sociologist Lisa A. Keister and published in the Social Forces journal, found that adherents of Judaism and Episcopalianism{{sfn|Allen|1975}} accumulated the most wealth, believers in Catholicism and mainline Protestants were in the middle, while conservative Protestants accumulated the least; in general, people who attend religious services accumulated more wealth than those who do not (taking into account variations of education and other factors).^[5] Keister suggested that wealth accumulation is shaped by family processes.{{sfn|Keister|2003}}

In the United States, 48% of Hindus have a household income of $100,000 or more, and 70% make at least $75,000, which is the highest among all religions in United States.^[6] The median net worth of people believing in Judaism is calculated at 150,890 USD, while the median net worth of conservative Protestants (including Baptists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists, Christian Scientists) was 26,200 USD. The overall median in the dataset was 48,200 USD.^[5]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Jewish ranked as the most financially successful religious group in the United States, with 44% of Jewish living in households with incomes of at least $100,000, followed by Hindu (36%), Episcopalians (35%), and Presbyterians (32%).^[7] Amongst Jews, in 2016, Modern Orthodox Jews had a median household income of $158,000, while Open Orthodoxy Jews had a median household income of $185,000 (compared to the American median household income of $59,000 in 2016).^[8]

According to the same study there is correlation between education and income, about 77% of American Hindus have an undergraduate degree, followed by Jews (59%), Episcopalians (56%), and Presbyterians (47%).^[9]

Explanations

A study published in the American Journal of Sociology by Lisa Keister, found that "religion affects wealth indirectly through educational attainment, fertility, and female labor force participation" but also found some evidence of direct effects of religion on wealth attainment.{{sfn|Keister|2008}} Keister notes that certain religious beliefs ("one should have many children", "women should not work") lower wealth accumulation, both on the micro- and macro-scale.{{sfn|Keister|2008}}^[10]

See also

References

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite web|last=WIN-Gallup|title=Global Index of religion and atheism.|url=http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf|accessdate=21 October 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web|author=Survey Reports |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=258 |title=World Publics Welcome Global Trade — But Not Immigration | Pew Global Attitudes Project |publisher=Pewglobal.org |date= |accessdate=2011-10-21}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/453467/christians-hold-largest-percentage-global.html6 |title=Christians hold largest percentage of global wealth: Report|publisher=deccanherald.com|date=2015-01-14}}
4. ^[https://www.cnbc.com/2015/01/14/the-religion-of-millionaires-.html The religion of millionaires]
5. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/relgwlth.htm |title=Religion Helps Shape Wealth Of Americans, Study Finds |publisher=Researchnews.osu.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-10-21}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/hinds_most_educated_highest_earning_religion/1449355.html|title=Hindu-Americans Rank Top in Education, Income|accessdate=Dec 1, 2012}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/11/how-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups/|title=How income varies among U.S. religious groups|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=2016-10-16}}
8. ^[https://www.timesofisrael.com/5-key-takeaways-some-surprising-from-new-survey-of-us-modern-orthodox-jews 5 key takeaways, some surprising, from new survey of US Modern Orthodox Jews] By BEN SALES30 September 2017, JTA
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/04/the-most-and-least-educated-u-s-religious-groups/|title=The most and least educated U.S. religious group|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=2016-10-16}}
10. ^{{cite news |last=Keister |first=Lisa A. |date=2 November 2011 |title=How Religion Contributes to Wealth and Poverty |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-a-keister/religion-contributes-wealth-poverty_b_1069766.html |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=19 November 2017}}